Child - Adolescent and Family Nursing

Question: Discuss about the Child, Adolescent and Family Nursing. Answer: Introduction The content of this paper demonstrates various aspects which allow nursing practitioners to develop various skills and capabilities. The content of this paper therefore analyses various aspects in nursing that can may assist nurses to research and explain various theories of development applicable in nursing practices. The content of this paper begins with the critical description of pathophysiology in relation to the case of Sue who is a 15 year old teenager residing with the mother the younger siblings. The paper also evaluates the roles of a nurse practitioner in relation to the development of a child, family care and the role of nurses in nurses in helping various children to deal with effects of hospitalization. Part one Pathophysiology This part of the content of paper describes the pathophysiology of the disease Sue is suffering from cystic fibrosis. From the case study Sue is a 15year old teenage who is an indigenous girl residing in the remote part of a town in Australia. From her infancy Sue has been under management of cystic fibrosis which she had since her childhood. Ever since Sue was diagnosed she has been prescribed to a regimen of pancreatic enzymes, inhalers, exercises and antibiotics (American Nurses Association, 2010). Being at the a adolescent stage with guidance from a single parent Sue has been smoking cigarettes which is not good with her condition and cystic fibrosis management. Sue has presently visited a local hospital complaining of shortness in breath and tells a triage nurse that she is suffering from cystic fibrosis. Reviewing her health history taken by a triage nurse on her arrival to the hospital the effects is as a result of cigarette smoking (Beckman, Creager Libby, 2012). Based on the case analysis the identification of the health problems experienced by Sue can be accomplished through application of various methods including diagnosis. It is evident from the difficulty in breath that Sue body glands and other organ have been damaged with the disease as a result of acceleration from the cigarette smoke (Hockenberry Wilson, 2014). Sue is currently suffering from chronic respiratory infections since the smoke layers are preventing the effective cystic fibrosis management. She suffers from the pancreatic enzyme insufficiency which is caused by the effect of the disease under improper management. The epithelium covering the upper respiratory tract goes about as a first line of protection against obtrusive operators such as toxins, allergens, microorganisms, and it can bring about upper aviation transportation manifestations and ailments when in contact with the mentioned agents. Breathed in tobacco smoke, both latently and in addition effectively, has been related with interminable bothering and distress on the eyes, nose and or pharynx leading to difficulty in smoking (Hockenberry Wilson, 2014). One of the conceivable clarifications for tobacco smoke taking an interest in the pathophysiology of CR depends on mucociliary transport modifications. Oral and additionally nasal inhalation of tobacco smoke causes a profound decrease in mucociliary transport in vivo. Demonstrated that cotinin, a lethal metabolite of nicotine is able to do essentially diminishing the cilliary beat of epithelial cells in vitro. Besides in vitro confirm, the presentation to tobacco smoke additionally hurts mucociliary transport in young people such as Sue. Smoking of cigarette is likewise connected with significant changes in mucous generation instruments (Ramsey, 2012). Unending introduction to this smoke causes metaplastic adjustments to the respiratory mucosa with an expansion in the size and the number of cup cells and ensuing growth in upper aviation course of secretion. Additionally, it appeared in vitro that presentation to tobacco smoke represses chloride transport in epithelial cells, bringing about physiological changes like those found in patients with cystic fibrosis (Bedard Krause, 2013). Part Two Roles of the Nurse Roles of a Nurse in Relation to Growth and Development Theories Pediatric medical caretakers depend on an intensive information base to plan proper nursing mediations. Understanding the childs physical developmental stages cognitive stages of development and psychosocial formative stages is fundamental to giving consideration. The medical nurse practitioners apply correspondence standards when working with both teenagers and their family members (Beckman, Creager Libby, 2012). While large portions of the kid's attributes are controlled by growth and developmental stages, the tyke's social and natural settings are likewise critical impacts that must be evaluated and incorporated into arranging intercessions (Meleis, 2010). The attendant applies learning of development and improvement, correspondence, and societal impacts amid physical and nourishing evaluation among the adolescent; portraying discoveries and recognizing variations from the norm is vital to giving successful nursing care. Considering the cognitive development teenagers are not able to make appropriate decisions. The decisions Sue made by Sue the patient in the case study is therefore not convenient and the nurse should consult with the parent. At the age of fifteen year various teenagers make rational decisions therefore parent should be the one involved in medical discussions. The cognitive development theory is based on the psychological development of the patient (Meleis, 2010). The brain of human being develops as per the age therefore nurses should discusses major medical decisions with a youth who is 18 years of age and above a they can be responsible for their course of actions. Based on the physical development, nurses should be able to examine the growth and development of various major body organs and structures before starting medication (Ramsey, 2012). Psychosocial theory majorly relates development with family and social life experience. For instance Sue is under the care of one parent thereby experiencing various challenges which may be the course of cigarette smoking. Therefore, nurses should consider the age of Sue and the decisions she is able to make based on the three main growth and development theories. Family Centered Care Family centered care also (FCC) is an organization way to deal with social insurance basic management between the family and medicinal services supplier who are nurse practitioners. FCC is viewed as the standard of pediatric human services by numerous clinical practices, doctor's facilities, and social insurance bunches. Notwithstanding far reaching support, FCC keeps on being inadequately actualized into clinical practice (Pillitteri, 2010). In this paper we identify the center standards of FCC in pediatric social insurance, portray the advantages of advances applying FCC standards to clinical practice, and the effect it may have on the parents, siblings of the patient and the whole family as general. FCC can enhanced wellbeing results, human services conveyance, and medicinal services framework change and may as well be a challenge to the family. Taking the case of Sue the family is headed by single mum who is having the responsibility to take care of the whole family. In this case family centered care may not be appropriate practice as the mum may not have the maximum time to administer or supervise Sue. It may also be difficult as Sue is to take care of the younger children in absence of the mother (ColitisPathophysiology, 2013). It is therefore critical for a nurse practitioner to look deeply into the family before deciding on various treatment sessions. Effects of hospitalization on the Child and the Family Family plays a vital role in the advancement of an adolescent wellbeing, being the essential operators required in direct care, giving access to wellbeing administrations and demonstrating dispositions and practices that impact kids' prosperity. Having a child hospitalized is a distressing occasion for guardians who frequently encounter uneasiness and sorrow amid the time of hospitalization (Pillitteri, 2014). As per established definition, stress is a non-particular reaction of the body to any extreme ecological demand. The response to stress is not specifically identified with the introduction to stressors but rather is interceded by the individual passionate reaction. Stress is a procedure of grasping a few segments including stressors, characterized as occasions that represent a test to the subject, psychosocial middle people, develops that empower the subject to assess the way of the circumstance, and the anxiety reaction, normally a measure of the passionate response evoked bec ause of the stressor (Green Kroemer, 2014). Discoveries demonstrate that kids hospitalization is an unpleasant occasion for guardians, regardless of the possibility that hospitalization is for center and transient pathologies. Impression of stress is impacted by length of hospitalization, and by level of related disease for instance cystic fibrosis (Meleis, 2011). Discoveries even propose that a few administrations offered to youngsters can tweak parental figures' view of stress and effect to hospitalization. Parental figures whose youngsters are going school administrations depict them as less bad tempered and with higher enthusiastic control contrasted with different guardians (Pillitteri, 2010). Taking the case of Sue into account the mother may be under a lot of stress when she is Sue who may be depending on her in one way or the other may have difficulties as well. On the other hand, Sue may have difficulties with her studies in case the period of hospitalization may be long. It is therefore clear that hospitalization may can course several challenges to the family and nurses have should have the responsibility of assisting the family to cop up with the situation. Conclusion From the above discussions it is evident that nurse practitioners have extensive responsibilities when it comes to children nursing care. According to the discussion above various reasons can be withdrawn from pathophysiology above. As a nurse practitioner it is critical to perform a pathophysiology test before commencing treatment in a child situation as it help one to understand the damage in relation to the growth and development of various organs. Another important factor from the study above is the understanding of various growth and development theories nurse (ColitisPathophysiology, 2013). Medical administration among the children requires clear understanding of all the three developmental domains that is cognitive, physical and psychosocial theories by various psychologists. Considering the discussion on the roles of the nurses, it is evident that nurses also play a major role assisting the family as well the patient to manage various challenges resulting from hospitalization . References American Nurses Association. (2010). Nursing's social policy statement: The essence of the profession. Nursesbooks. org. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D. (2014). Wong's nursing care of infants and children. 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