Psychology Research Method - 1020 Words

Method Participants Forty-four students from Western Kentucky University volunteered and participated in this study (12 men, 22 women; Mage=22.61, SDage=6.18). They were enrolled in undergraduate psychology research method classes at the University and completed the experiment in exchange for course credit. Of the forty-four students who participated, 82% identified themselves as Caucasian, 7% African American, 5% Asian, 4% Latino, 1% Pacific Islander, 1% Native American. Also, 61% of the participants drink Coca-Cola. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions- individual or collective- with 22 participants per condition. In the individualist group, there were 4 men and 18 women with an age range of 19-47 (Mage=23.32,†¦show more content†¦As a result, he was rewarded with a small kingdom of his own to rule. About 10 years later, Sargon I was conscripting warriors for a new war. Sostoras was obligated to send a detachment of soldiers to aid Sargon I. He had to decide who to p ut in command of the detachment. After thinking about it for a long time, Sostoras eventually decided on Tiglath, who was a talented general. This appointment had several advantages. Sostoras was able to make an excellent general indebted to him. This would solidify Sostoras’s hold on his own dominion. In addition, the very fact of having a general such as Tiglath as his personal representative would greatly increase Sostoras’s prestige. Finally, sending his best general would likely make Sargon I grateful. Consequently, there was the possibility of getting rewarded by Sargon I. (p. 652) After reading the story, participants are asked a how likely Sostoras’s strategy for personal gain is for a leader and was given a seven-point Likert scale ranging from extremely likely (3) to extremely unlikely (-3) to answer from. Participants were then asked to describe a time when they used a strategy for personal gain. In the collective conditioned group, who received version C, participants read the Trafimow, et al (1991) story: Sostoras, a warrior in ancient Sumer, was largely responsible for the success of Sargon I inShow MoreRelatedOrigins of Psychology and Research Methods Worksheet1462 Words   |  6 PagesPart I: Origins of PsychologyThe seven major perspectives in modern psychology are psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, cognitive, neuroscientific/biopsychological, evolutionary, and sociocultural. Psychoanalytic: The founder of the psychoanalytic school of thought is Sigmund Freud. He believed that many psychological problems result from the conflicts that occur between acceptable behavior and unacceptable unconscious sexual or aggressive motives. His theory was called Psychoanalysis. FreudRead MorePsychology Unit Two Notes : Research Methods1263 Words   |  6 PagesValentina Hernandez Mrs.Long AP Psychology P.1 August 21, 2016 AP Psychology Unit Two Notes – Research Methods 1. Although intuition plays a role on what we believe to be true, it can not always be trusted. Hindsight bias and overconfidence are part of this intuition that is unreliable. Hindsight bias is when someone believes that they knew the outcome of something all along only after learning the outcome. Overconfidence is when someone thinks they know more than they really do. An example ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Environmental Psychology Research Methods Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesEnvironmental Psychology Research Methods Summary In this study conducted by Megan J. Bissing-Olsoni, Aarti Iyer, Kelly S. Fielding and Hannes Zacher, a survey/diary design was used to examine the relationship of pro-environmental behavior, employees daily affect, pro-environmental attitude, daily task-related pro-environmental behavior, and daily proactive pro-environmental behavior. There were 56 participants in the study and they were all employed in small businesses. The surveys were doneRead MoreApplying Research Methods For My Psychology 7 Course1023 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Research Methods in my Psychology 7 course In the fall of 2015, I took Psychology 7 research methods at Santa Monica College. Psychology is my intended major and a requirement for me to obtain an associates degree and pre requisite to transfer to a university. The class objective was to prepare students with an understanding of applying scientific research methods and using said knowledge to investigate human behavior. During this duration of this course, I was experiencing hardshipsRead MorePsychology: Research Methods in Cognitive Level of Analysis1141 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Methods in Cognitive Level of Analysis There are 3 research methods can be used in cognitive level of analysis. They are lab experiments, case studies of patients with brain-damage, and brain imaging techniques. The methods are basically the same methods used in biological level of analysis. These methods are useful depending how the researchers want to study the cognitive process. One of the most scientific ways to study mental processes is through lab experiments because the highRead MoreDifference between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology606 Words   |  2 PagesThe quantitative problem statement: its question and proposed method I would like to see whether growth can be predicted for a certain company with introduction of a certain product. Quota sampling is ideal for this situation since it specifies the quota of particular people that need to be included to represent the population. In this case, we would want a balanced sample of all types of users as well as their amount of usage. (Breakwell, 2007). A survey would be conducted, either in the storeRead MoreMotivation and Research Methods in Teaching899 Words   |  4 Pages In reviewing the Nine Central Topics of Educational Psychology, the topic under review is - Motivation. â€Å"Why do students engage or not engage in certain activities/tasks? How can teachers use student interest to facilitate learning? How can students self -regulate their learning and behavior?† (Edmunds Edmunds, 2010, p.11) This topic is of particular interest to me as it relates to the instruction of adult learners. I am currently facilitating employment preparatory courses to adultRead MoreContribution Of An Ethnographic Research On Friendship1100 Words   |  5 Pagesapproach to research on friendship. I will be looking at, and including evidence to support both sides of the argument as to whether or not this research method is in fact useful when it comes to gaining knowledge about friendship. As well as evaluating this method, I will compare it against others to reflect on the strengths, weaknesses and the typical data collected. I will look at some of the questions about friendship that have been addressed, and then whether this is the best method or if thereRead MoreMy Inspiration for Getting My Ph.D. in Quantitative Psychology619 Words   |  3 Pagesin my undergraduate education I became interested in both developmental and quantitative psychology. I initially became interested in develop mental psychology by learning about the impact that childhood events can have on adult life. My passion for quantitative psychology came after I enrolled in my Psychological Methods class. This inspired me to expand my knowledge of statistics and go outside the psychology department to enroll in Linear Regression, Analysis of Variance and other advanced statisticsRead MoreThis Essay Will Demonstrate My Knowledge and Understanding of the Contribution to Qualitative Research to Psychology Through the Discussion of Published Qualitative Research.1748 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of the contribution to qualitative research to Psychology through the discussion of published qualitative research. Firstly, what is qualitative research and how does this differ from qualitative research? According to Smith â€Å"Qualitative analysis is concerned with describing the constituent properties of an entity† whereas â€Å"Qualitative analysis is involved in determining how much of the entity there is† (Smith et al., 2008 p.1) Quantitative research is any data that is in numerical from such

Homosexuality Is Defined As Sexual Desire Or Behavior

â€Å"Homosexuality hasn’t been discovered recently. It has been common in our world since ancient times and still exists today.† (K.J .Dover,n.d.). It’s in the nature of an individual to be a homosexual, something that cannot be changed no matter how much you persuade or force them. People have different attitudes towards homosexuality; some are tolerant about it while others can’t stand the mere fact to see them around. This essay is going to define and briefly discuss homosexuality and how our society reacts to it. â€Å"Homosexuality is defined as sexual desire or behavior directed toward a person or persons of one s own sex.†(American Psychological Association, n.d.). In our society today, homosexuals are harassed and discriminated simply because they are different. They are attracted to the same sex and this causes dislike and hatred towards them in our society. Laws are passed in states such as California for protecting homosexuals and also a llowing homosexuality marriages to take place. Everyone has a right to: †¢ Choose what they want to be. †¢ Choose who they want to be with. †¢ Believe in what they think is right We as human beings are programmed to be either heterosexual, bi-sexual or homosexuals. It is our society’s responsibility to let them practice what makes them happy. Legislative laws have also been passed which gives every individual equal rights, equal dignity and recognition. Our society has to accept this practice and stop discriminating the homosexuals. It’sShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality : Homosexuality And Identity1311 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality has been a questionable topic discussed in the United States for years. Over the years, we have seen a growing studies regarding homosexuality. Homosexuality is becoming a question of science or morale. So, is homosexuality and identity or a behavior? Identity is defined as who someone is or the qualities, beliefs, etc., that make a particular person or group different from others. Behavior is defined as the manner of conducting oneself or the way a person or animal acts or behave.Read MoreHomosexuality And Its Effe cts On Society Essay870 Words   |  4 Pages Homosexuality is genetic! How can this statement be true? It is indeed true in the precise fact that Romans 3:23 points out, â€Å"For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.† Humanity has been cursed with being genetically embedded with sin and a sinful nature. The current worldview is that homosexuality and multiple sexual orientations come from nature, and not nurture. This viewpoint is correct in that it is human nature to sin and seek out one’s own selfish desire. Only, what is not beingRead MoreIs Homosexuality a Choice?773 Words   |  3 Pages Homo is defined in the Webster’s dictionary as a combining one and the same, common, joint. 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In cultures and societies today, as well as in the past, there is usually an emphasis on a specific orientation as a norm, and typically heterosexuality is perceived as such. This in turn generates a wide range of reaction to homosexuality, from its being seen as â€Å"unnatural† in moral terms, to ideas of it as threatening the stability of a culture. In recent years, however, new perspectives are emergingRead More Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Homosexuality is Abnormal and Immoral1489 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality is Abnormal and Immoral      Ã‚   Of all topics most popular in todays media, issues concerning homosexuals and homosexuality in general top the list. Homosexuality is generally defined as a sexual relationship between partners of the same sex. Debate concerning its causes and consequences has been going on for many centuries and almost in every period in human history. However, never before in human history has it been granted such wide scale acceptance in western society as it hasRead MoreHomosexuality1131 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish IV Period 6 18 November 2013 Homosexuality Homosexuality is the sexual orientation toward people of the same sex. Female homosexuals are referred to as Lesbians. Years ago, the term gay has been applied to both homosexual women and men. The potential for homosexual behavior appears to be a basic part of human sexuality, since many people experience homosexual interest, curiosity, or activity at some point in their lives. Homosexual behavior has also been observed in most animal speciesRead MoreAnalysis Of Farewell My Concubine And The King And The Clown 1653 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout many countries around the world, homosexuality has always been subjected as a controversial matter. The societal attitudes towards the behavior of homosexuality vary substantially across Asia. Surprisingly, there are two conflicting attitudes toward homosexuality. Some Asian countries strongly condemn against homosexuality. Whereas, in some Asian countries visibly accept homosexuality. Judith Butler explained that gender is represented as a stylized repetition of acts or imitation. SheRead MoreRoman Empire Views on Homosexuality1501 Words   |  7 Pagestoward Homosexuality A popular topic of discussion, when referring to historic Roman culture, is the topic of sexuality. Even more specific is the subject of Roman attitudes toward homosexuality. During the time period of 753 B.C. to 476 A.D. the Roman Empire was arguably one of the most powerful and advanced empires of its age. With such a powerful empire of citizens that were fixated on their pride and, for the males, masculinity, one must wonder what their thoughts on homosexuality were.

Ethical Staff Practices for Australian Hotel Industry

Question: Write about theEthical Staff Practices for Australian Hotel Industry. Answer: Introduction The hotel industry in Australia is one of the most competitive sectors of the economy. The country is associated with over 10,000 hotels in different categories. The sector, therefore, employs thousands of workers directly while others access jobs indirectly through the extended supply chain framework (AHA, 2010). The highest source of revenue for most of the hotels is the sales from liquor, which accounts for over 50% of the generated profits. On the other hand, hotels with gambling units enjoy over 30% income from the different activities associated with the established facilities (AHA, 2010). Moreover, the total expenditure of hotels in the Australian economy averages to $515.6 million annually, which explains why the sector is a major contributor to the GDP of the country. The level of competition emanating from the local and global trends and the changing customer expectations has generated the need for an advanced approach to hotel management, which span through strategic plann ing and development, client services, and sustainable human resource management (Nankervis, 1990). Moreover, the industry is subjected to regulations that govern the operability of the corporate affairs such as the interrelation with the customers, the suppliers, the shareholders, the states, and the employees. The existence of the regulations ensures that the operations of the hotels are within the local and international quality requirements (AHA, 2010). Such tendencies are mandatory for all investors in the sector irrespective of the scale of exploitation. One of the key concern in the sector is the contribution of employees to the level of success needed to generate growth and high revenue. Therefore, the big concern in the industry is an approach to human resource management that can encourage employee motivation and commitment to transform the performance outcome (Baum et al., 2016a). This paper presents a critical literature review regarding the level to which the hotel sector in Australia is practicing ethical staffing requirements. The paper looks at four key research pub lication regarding ethical staffing practices in the hotel industry in the country, where the discussion is based on the following two hypotheses. H1: A fair treatment of all employees occur within the five-star hotels in Australia. H2: Unethical and illegal practices of employing students prevail in Australian hotel industry. Ethical Staffing Practice in Hotel Industry The operations of hotels in Australia and other countries are governed by the enacted code of ethics relevant to the industry. One of the key guideline adopted among the developed economies is the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism and Hospitality Sector among the European countries. In Australia, the hotel sector is required to adhere to policies that guarantee effectiveness and ethics based on the interaction with the stakeholders. The Australian hotel investors are therefore required to ensure that the customer satisfaction is effective through efficient service and safety operations, employees are satisfied through the safe working environment, and that the suppliers and shareholders are contented through sustainable engagements. Worth pointing out is that the relationship between the management and the employees in the hotel sector in the country are bound to requirements such as privacy, confidentiality, employee rights and privileges, safety and health, and fair compensation. The Australian Hotels Association has been instrumental in assisting the investors to adhere to the set standards and measures as described in the National Policy Industrial Relation codes. The organization plays a critical role in policy implementation in the country. Therefore, AHA plays a crucial role in developing, encouraging, and ensuring fair workplace relations that do not exploit employees (AHA, 2015). Moreover, the association protects the needs and interests of investors in the sector against unhealthy regulations. Scholarly Review Baum and the colleagues from major European countries (2016) carried out a thematic analysis of the correlation between sustainability needs based on the United Nations targets and the tourism and hospitality workforce. The scholars evaluated how the need for sustainable workforce and human resource practices in the hotel sector in the main countries such as Korea, China, Scotland, Australia, Malaysia, and New Zealand has been a dimension of the economy that has been neglected over the years (Baum et al., 2016). The researchers pointed out how the hotel sector employees are vulnerable to human resource malpractices. Worth revisiting is that the employees in the hotel sector across the globe have been facing staffing challenges such as the poor working environment, lack of concern for gender and minority groups, overdependence on seasonal jobs, lack of established career structure, escalated labor turnover, and low work status (Wood, 1997; Lucas and Deery, 2004; Baum, 2007; Baum, 2015; Kusluvan et al., 2010; Baum et al., 2016b). The factors identified in the research had also been documented in other analysis specific to different countries. The level of implementation of the intervention mechanisms to guarantee sustainable human resource practice in the hotel sector has been contrary to the increasing challenges as noted in Australia and Scotland (Solnet et al., 2014). Moreover, Nankervis (1993) examined the factors that are critical in enhancing the level of productivity in the Australian hotel sector. The study looked at the role of human resource management in improving the output of the industry. The research revealed that several factors have contributed to the inability of the sector to enhance the performance of the economy. Some of the identified shortcomings were market instability, oversupply accommodation, and human resource practices that limited employee productivity. Other factors such as gender imbalance and poor working environment also featured as elements of a degrading human resource management approach (Nankervis, 1993). On the other hand, Poulston (2008) reviewed the working conditions of an employee in the hospitality sector. The study was based on the views of employees regarding their dissatisfaction levels. The evaluation process included the exploration of the hotel workplaces with the objective of determining the unfair practices, unethical activities, and illegal dealing and process that jeopardize the working environment. The study revealed how most hotels did not prioritize the hygiene factor for employee safety and health. The scholar also showed, based on qualitative analysis, how motivational interventions have little influence on performance and commitment of employees whenever their health and safety are at risk (Poulston, 2008). Furthermore, Paulston (2010) also examined the implication of ethics in commercial hospitality based on the contribution and responsibility of the hotel managers in ensuring ethical standards. The research included the evaluation of the ethical problems associated with the hotel sector in the country. The study identified poor pay, unsafe working environment, sexual abuse among female staff, neglect, and lack of motivation as part of the unethical human resource practices that are overlooked in the hospitality sector across major economies such as Australia, New Zealand, Korea, and China (Paulston, 2010). The study concluded that the managers are aware of the unethical practices but are reluctant to take corrective measures. Critical Review and Emerging Trends The above studies have provided analytical details regarding the level of ethical practices in the hospitality sector. The studies have shown how the human resource approach in the hotel industry has been associated with several unethical practices. The working environment has been characterized by poor measures to encourage employee productivity. However, the level of implementation of the ethical practices differs based on the scale of operation of the hotels. Depending on the nature of the hotel sector in Australia, organizations can be classified into small scale and large scale enterprises. Most of the organizations operating on limited capital and market coverage find it a challenge to adhere to staffing ethics because of the cost of operation. Such tendencies encourage the increase in unethical behaviors. Moreover, in line with the qualitative analysis of the scholarly publications, business operating on high capital of investment such as the five-star hotels have the capacity to incorporate modern employee management practices that improve the working environment and the rate of turnover relevant to the targeted output. On the other hand, the existence of ethical malpractice in the sector can be linked to the nature of recruitment and retention associated with the organizations approach to human resource management. The research evaluation pointed the high number of female employees. The rate of discrimination and harassment is, therefore, a common phenomenon. Moreover, some of the organization have resorted to employing students through the work-study programs. The part-time employment of college students has encouraged the development of unethical practices such as poor remuneration, limited employee development approaches, and abuse of workers rights and privileges. Furthermore, most firms have inclined towards the hiring of semi-skilled workers based on the lower level of pay they will demand as opposed to trained professionals. The variability is seen for most small-scale hotels when compared to the five-star investments. Therefore, the possibility of unethical practices being advanced towards the uninformed workforce is high. Such tendencies are encouraged by the existence of poor sensitization programs within the working structure, which promote the prevalence of unethical staffing practices. There is a need for a comprehensive work structure to ensure that the employees are aware of their rights and privileges to understand their working environment and contribute towards safety, health, and development of workers and the organization. Furthermore, Paulstons studies in 2008 and 2010 pointed out the effect of human resource management approach. The conclusion of the survey showed that the administrators and managers have the tendency to neglect the implementation of corrective measures regardless of being aware of the unethical human resource practices. Factors such as the cost of implementation especially for small hotels as well as the perception of employees as a liability rather than an asset has encouraged such inclinations (Poulston, 2008; Poulston, 2010). However, the studies did not point to the negligence of the employees regarding the prevalence of unethical staffing practices in the hotel sector. The study only looked at the contribution of the manager in advancing the ethical malpractices. Employees may consider working in hostile environment whenever the option of leaving the job or raising the concerns regarding their experiences may jeopardize their job security. Such possibilities could also emanate from the lack of qualifications to seek alternative opportunities. Therefore, employees may choose to persevere the conditions, which is a situation the management can take advantage and neglect implementing transformational changes to improve working conditions. Such tendencies could explain the increasing hiring of college students and existence of part-time jobs in the sector as a measure to cut down the cost of operation. Conclusion In conclusion, the Australian hotel sector is one of the advanced hospitality industries in the world. The sector contributes to the economy development through employment and revenue generation. The existence of regulations regarding the framework of operation in the hotel sector is meant to ensure that the activities and the interaction between the business and the stakeholders are based on ethical standards. However, the Australian hospitality industry is associated with staffing malpractices that are against the employee-business guidelines. Although the five-star hotels and others operating on significant capital and serving extended size of the market have adhered to the required standards, some small hotels employ students and refer part-time employment as opposed to job security for the hired workers. Nevertheless, based on the reviewed studies, it is the responsibility of both the employees and the employer to ensure that the required working environment and productive relat ionships are established. The Australian Hotel Association has been keen in bridging the gap between the delivery of service and compliance with the set regulations and standards of human resource management. The organization ensures that the member hotels attain their profitability as well as achieve excellent employee satisfaction. References AHA, 2010. More than just a drink and flutter: An Overview of The Australian Hotels Industry April 2009. Available at: https://aha.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/PWC-Hotel-Industry-Report-20092.pdf AHA, 2015. Policy Statement Industrial Relations. Available at: https://aha.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/AHA-National-Policy-Industrial-Relations.pdf Baum, T., 2007. Human resources in tourism: Still waiting for change. Tour. Manag. Vol. 28, pp. 13831399. Baum, T., 2015. Human resources in tourism: Still waiting for change - A 2015 reprise. Tour. Manag. Vol. 50, pp. 204212. Baum, T., Cheung, C., Haiyan Kong. H., Kralj, A., and Mooney, S., 2016a. Sustainability and the Tourism and Hospitality Workforce: A Thematic Analysis. Sustainability, Vol. 8, p. 809. Available at: www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Baum, T., Kralj, A., Robinson, R., and Solnet, D., 2016b. Tourism workforce research: A review, taxonomy and agenda. Ann. Tour. Res. Vol. 60, pp. 122. Kusluvan, S., Kusluvan, Z., Ilhan, I., and Buyruk, L., 2010. The human dimension: A review of human resource management issues in the tourism and hospitality industry. Cornell Hosp. Quart. Vol. 51, pp. 171214. Lucas, R. and Deery, M., 2004. Significant developments and emerging issues in human resource management. Int. J. Hosp. Manag. Vol. 23, pp. 459472. Nankervis, A. R., 1990. Servants or Service: Perspectives of the Australian Hotel Industry,Working Paper No. 73, August, School of Business, University of Western Sydney: Sydney. Nankervis, A. R., 1993. Enhancing Productivity in the Australian Hotel Industry: The Role of Human Resource Management,Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 1(1), 17-39. Poulston, J. M., 2008. Working conditions in hospitality: Employees views of the dissatisfactory hygiene factors. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality Tourism, Vol. 10, Iss. 1., pp. 23 43. Poulston, J. M., 2010. Ethics in commercial hospitality. Workshop working papers, Paper number 10292, CAUTHE. Available at: https://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/1605/CAUTHE.03.pdf?sequence=6 Solnet, D., Nickson, D., Robinson, R., Kralj, A., and Baum, T., 2014. Discourse about workforce development in tourism - An analysis of public policy, planning, and implementation in Australia and Scotland: Hot air or making a difference? Tour. Anal. Vol. 19, pp. 609623. Wood, R., 1997. Working in Hotels and Catering, 2nd ed.; International Thomson: London, UK.

What Is an Educated Filipino Sample Essay Example For Students

What Is an Educated Filipino? Sample Essay Narrative poesy is poesy that tells a narrative and is the oldest genre poesy. The most popular signifier of narrative poesy is likely the lay. Lyric poesy is a signifier of poesy that does not try to state a narrative as do heroic poems poesy and dramatic poesy. but is of a more personal nature alternatively. The lyric poet addresses the reader straight and portrays his or her ain feelings. province of a head. and perceptual experiences. Common subjects are love. war and peace. nature and nostalgia. heartache and loss. Nature subjects are besides outstanding in lyric poesy. Dramatic poesy is any poesy in which one or more characters speak. Dramatic poesy, by and large, uses the conversation of the characters involved to state a narrative or portray a state of affairs. Elements of Drama We will write a custom essay on What Is an Educated Filipino? Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Imitation In simple footings. imitation means the act of copying a person or something. It is an act of copying the ways person negotiations and behaves. particularly to entertain. In literature. imitation is used to depict a realistic portraiture of life. a reproduction of natural objects and actions. This type of imitation includes composing in the spirit of the Masters utilizing simply their general rules; borrowing particular â€Å"beauties† an idea and look from the plants of the best poets; or accommodating their stuff to the writer’s ain age. Plot A batch of volumes has been written on play and facets of play of which secret plan is one of them. The Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary defines a secret plan as a â€Å"plan or line of events of a narrative particularly of a novel or a story†. In a dramatic secret plan. unlike in the novel where the writer describes the characters and incidents they are involved in. the drama Wright presents the characters in action. This means that a secret plan in play develops through what the characters do or state. what is done to them? and or what is said about them or to them. This is why in his sentiment. Grebanier describes the secret plan as â€Å"an affair of action of works that are done during the class of the story†. Dramatic Action In simple footings. the action is the procedure of making something or the public presentation itself. If the person slaps you and you retaliate. there is an action. The series of events that constitute the secret plan in any literary work is referred to as action it includes what the characters say. do. believe and in some instances. fail to make. The action involves activity. This activity becomes more marked in play where the action is presented in concrete signifier as the histrions present the narrative to the audience for amusement and instruction. In play. particularly during a public presentation. you see the characters traveling about to execute certain undertakings. talk to one another. laugh. call. battle. shoot or make anything harmonizing to the demands of the minute. All these are dramatic actions. In the novel. you read the narrative as is told by the novelist and see the action in your imaginativeness but in play the playwright presents the action through what the cha racters do or state. In fact, it involves all the activities of all the characters in the drama. Dialogue Dialogue is a treatment between two or more people. In literary plants. it refers to a composing in a colloquial signifier. In the novel, it is incorporated into the narrative. that is. as the narrative progresses. the novelist gives two or more characters the chance to discourse or notice on certain issues and the narrative continues in prose signifier. However. in play. the full narrative is presented in duologue.