Are Muslim Communities Affected By Counter Terrorism Legislation Criminology Essay

be Moslem Communities Affected By Counter consternationism Legislation Criminology testifyThis paper looks to criti squally evaluate whether Muslim communities constitute been affected by counter- act of terrorism law in the UK as part of a literary lay downs survey in serving to prep are for a much larger military personnel of work. This work consists of controling whether these community members devour been effectively radicalised give-up the ghosting to extremism either at heart the local community or in the UK at large. It is alike requisite to evaluate the way in which take cares in this regard that have been direct forward by academics have developed as a take of the laws that have been apply to date in the UK.Muslim Counter- act of terrorism Legislationcritically evaluate whether Muslin Communities have beenaffected by counter-terrorism legislationIn want to critically evaluate whether Muslim communities have been affected by counter-terrorism legislation in the fall in Kingdom (UK), it is necessary for this literature re get to consider whether these community members have been effectively radicalised leading to extremism either within the local community or in the association at large. Moreover, thither is overly a need to examine as to how trade protection agencies approaches are implemented and applied and consider new methods that will serve to adjoin upon professional person practice in relation to the legislation that has been enacted both in the UK and at the transnational level. In addition, it will alike be prize as to how this has led to claims from within Muslim communities that the tactics currently procedured by the constabulary are heavy handed and, as a result, counter-productive. Finally, this literature review will conclude with a summary of the key demonstrates derived from this countersign in relation to as to whether and how Muslim communities have been affected by counter-terrorism legislation enact ed both in the UK and internationally.With a view to assessing whether Muslim Communities have been affected by the introduction of counter-terrorism legislation, in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of 7/7 in the UK and 9/11 in the US New Terror discourse, the keep backion of waste extremism has become one of the most pregnant issues for policy makers throughout the western world and, for the purposes of this discussion, the UK. In what is recognisely a significantly heightened security system context, Muslim communities have become an enhanced focal point for the UK with a multi-layered, multi-agency approach (Home Office, 2008). Currently there are at to the lowest degree 2 million Muslims resident in the UK making the Islamic organized religion the largest outside of Christians with almost half actually having been born in the UK (Bunglawala, Halstead, Malik Spalek, 2004), just now the community is becoming much diverse with over 50 nationalities delineated and 70 languages spoken (Khan, 2004). However, Muslim communities constitute rough of the most deprive in the UK with almost a third of those able to work having no qualifications so that, as a result, many children experience high levels of take chances associated with child poverty (Bunglawala, Halstead, Malik Spalek, 2004) because adults are three times more potential to be unemployed than Christians (Yunas Samad Sen, 2007).Nevertheless, such policy developments are illustrative of the bare need to develop and support strategies based upon the maxim of counter-terrorism that communities defeat terrorism (Briggs, Fieschi Lownsbrough, 2006). But although counter-terrorism policies have been dominated by hard-sided strategies involving surveillance, the gathering of intelligence, the use of informants and the murder of anti-terror laws under the Pursue strand of the governments CONTEST (and CONTEST Two) counter-terrorism strategy (Her Majestys Government, 2006), the ascendency of a community centred notion of counter-terrorism has seen greater prominence given to an schedule based upon be able to Prevent terrorism (Home Office, 2008). In view of this shift towards inter consummation and take aimment with citizens, policy makers within the UK government have placed the police and other enforcement government at the forefront of this work regarding the need to look to follow a strategy based on the need to Pursue terrorists along with the need to Prevent terrorism whereby the police are working with Muslim communities in order to help encumber violent extremism (Lowe Innes, 2008).The implementation of New Terror discourses in the UK are founded upon the cognition and construction of Muslim minorities as universe comprised of communities at risk from violent extremism. In particular young Muslim men constitute a problem group and are recognised as beingness the predominate targets of anti-terrorist legislation and counter-terrorism surveillance pol icing in countries including the UK (Poynting Mason, 2006). With this in mind, the following issues were raised by participants in an effort to more effectively explain the negative jar of discourse and practice (a) Hard policing including increased stop and search, high indite raids, and the perception of an increase in aggressive attempts at recruiting informers to then lead to a greater sense of grievance amongst Muslims so they are perceive as suspect communities (b) suspicion is detrimental to both an exclusive and their familys keep since they may suffer job losses, family and community breakdowns, as well as mental health issues (c) individuals have argue their experience of anti-terror laws has reduced their penury to look to engage with state authorities with a view to better relations and (d) individuals feel pressurised to explain their Muslim identities in relation to the concept of Britishness (University of Birmingham/ humanistic discipline Humanities Resear ch Council, 2008).Under sections 62 and 63 of the Terrorism execution 2000 (along with section 17 of the Terrorism do work 2006) the UK appears to have take a firm stand universal jurisdiction over a whole array of terrorist offences signification anyone who commits any of these offences anywhere in the world so as to impact in some way upon the UK will fall within UK authorities jurisdiction (Sibbel, 2006-2007). In addition, under the Anti Terrorism, Crime Security Act 2001, a religiously aggravated element to crime has been introduced, which involves imposing high penalties upon offenders who are motivated by religious hatred. On this basis, Islamophobia has become a significant issue for individuals and even whole communities living in the UK with instances including (a) being verbally and physically abused (b) being threatened (c) being physically assaulted and (d) having homes or cars firebombed or attacked with acid. The problem is the reporting of actions that may be c onsidered equal to Islamophobia is rare since it is considered the norm rather than the exception for both individuals and whole communities because they do not want to create a fuss around their experiences (University of Birmingham/Arts Humanities Research Council, 2008).A survey by several Muslim groups found that since 9/11, 80% of Muslim respondents reported being subjected to some form of Islamophobia, whilst 68% felt they had been perceived and treated differently and 32% reported being subjected to discrimination (Forum Against Islam phobia Racism, Al-Khoei Foundation the Muslim College, 2004). more or less have also argued young Muslim men suffer disproportionately as the new folk devils of popular and media imagination (Alexander, 2000). More generally, however, it is also to be appreciated that a whole succession of opinion poll have shown many Muslims are uncomfortable with life in the UK (Pew world(a) Attitudes Project, 2006). In addition, there is an ongoing and c oncerted campaign against Islamism by a coalition of both left and right that have criticised the UK government for what they call a policy of appeasement. Martin Bright of the New Statesman claimed these organisations were engaged in a sophisticated strategy of implanting Islamist ideology among young Muslims in westbound Europe (Bright, 2007). But, although the reality is that Islamism is not inherently violent, these nuances are rarely admit and casual links are made between these groups and more special(prenominal) concerns about violent extremism.Further concerns have then arisen from the fact there are some substantial concerns the definition of terrorism under the name of the Terrorism Act 2000 (now Terrorism Act 2006) is too vague and overly tolerant. The main reason for this is that the Terrorism Act 2000 served to criminalise not entirely those activities that are generally accepted to be terrorist in personality, but also lawful gatherings and demonstrations amongs t other matters along with other forms of behaviour that, although unlawful, could not be considered terrorism (Submission to International Court of Justice ornament of eminent Jurists on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism Human Rights, 2006). Section 1(1) of the Act served to define terrorism as being based on the use or threat of action where (a) the action falls within subsection (2) (b) the use or threat is intentional to influence the government, an international organisation or to intimidate the public and (c) the use or threat is made to advancing a political, religious or ideological agenda. Under section 1(2) of the Terrorism Act 2000 it has then been recognised that action under this subsection involves (a) serious violence (b) serious prop damage (c) the endangerment of anothers life (d) creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or (e) is designed seriously to interfere with or seriously disrupt an electronic system. The problem with the overly broad n ature of the anti-terror laws put in place is they serve to trigger executive powers that are very restrictive regarding the recognition of both individuals and communities human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights 1950 (enacted domestically under the Human Rights Act 1998) often with reduced judicial oversight. Therefore, the use of such executive powers should be confined to those circumstances when such severe restrictions can truly be deemed necessary so there is a need for the laws to be narrowly drafted and proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued protecting national security rather than ostracising whole communities (Submission to International Court of Justice Panel of Eminent Jurists on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism Human Rights, 2006).As has already been alluded to within the disconcert of international human rights law, any legal measures that serve to restrict the exercising of individual and community rights need to be both narrowly drafted and pr oportionate to what is being pursued. With this in mind, the get together Nations Human Rights committee now regularly criticises the remit of individual States efforts in this regard in view of the the broad setting of their anti-terror laws particularly those that have been enhanced since 2001 (Submission to International Court of Justice Panel of Eminent Jurists on Terrorism, Counter-Terrorism Human Rights, 2006). By way of illustration, in 2005 the United Nations Human Rights Committee criticised what was understood by terrorism under Canadian law that includes very similar elements to the UK definition under section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 for being unnecessarily broad. As a result, the United Nations Human Rights Committee recommended The State party should adopt a more precise definition of terrorist offences, so as to ensure that individuals will not be targeted on political, religious or ideological grounds, in connector with measures of prevention, investigation and detention (Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee Canada, 2005, at paragraph 12). In addition, the United Nations Human Rights Committee has also made some significant similar criticisms of what is understood by the concept of terrorism under Norse (Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee Norway, 2006, at paragraph 9), Icelandic (Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee Iceland, 2005, at paragraph 10), and Bahraini law (Conclusions recommendations of the Committee against Torture Bahrain, 2005, at paragraph 6(i)) amongst others so there is clearly a need for a more precise definition in the UK to avoid similar problems.To conclude, it is clear that there has been a significant impact upon Muslim communities as a result of the implementation of counter-terrorism legislation in the UK. Such a view is largely founded upon the way in which Muslims are perceived within our society leading to instances of Islamophobia so that suspicion f alls on a broad range of groups and individuals whose behaviour may on the surface appear dangerous or subversive. Clearly, there can be little doubt that it is incumbent upon government policy makers to look to act to maintain national security and prevent instances of terrorism. However, there is also a significant need to prevent the alienation of the Muslim community so that it is clearly important to engage in greater depth with these groups, understand the complexities of community politics, and come to a more nuanced understanding of political mobilisation now flourishing across large parts of Muslim communities in the UK. Therefore, it is arguable increased sensation of the rights of individual citizens and communities will, with some notable exceptions, offer the solution to radicalisation by providing vehicles for work the deeply entrenched problems associated with deprivation suffered by many Muslims and challenge radical rhetoric and build community resilience along with political integration.

Securitization of Transnational Crime

Securitization of Transnational CrimeThe securitisation of multinational abomination refers to contemporary efforts to curtail discourtesy flows that take place across international borders via dissolution of the existing distinctions amongst external and internal guarantor systems, placing a greater emphasis in the process upon international cooperation with regards to global policing, border controls, travel and financial flows. In this way the economic, political and strategic obstacles standing in the way of a coherent fight against international crime can begin to be effectively removed.It should be noted that the securitisation of transnational crime has greatly speed up in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks where lax international security was perceived to require facilitated not only the hijacking of the American planes that flew into the world Trade Centre and the Pentagon but also the transference of money which do the suicide missions possible in the first place. Viewed from this perspective, it is consequently clear that the securitisation of transnational crime attempts in the first place to instil law, order and international cooperation in what Chris Dishman refers to the leaderless nexus where crime and terrorism converge. Thus, while the move towards a securitisation of transnational crime ought to be applauded we must take note of the crucial paradox that exists with regards to attempts to legally solve a problem that operates wholly at heart the domain of the lawless. We should also take note of the way in which securitisation has gravel increasingly popular since 9/11 suggesting that it is in many shipway a knee-jerk reaction to an unforeseen problem namely the convergence of trans-national crime and terrorism. Yet, repayable to the recent nature of international and regional security reforms, we should at last be wary of offering any definitive conclusions to policies that remain actually much at an e mbryonic stage of development.However, although it is true that 9/11 has served to accelerate the securitisation of transnational crime (certainly as far as the incarnate West is concerned), it is also true that attempts to increase international cooperation in the spunk of rising global crime have been in existence beforehand the spectre of trans-national terrorism became such a prominent international issue. For instance, Ralph Enmmers has charted the attempts of the tie-in of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its bid to effectively securitize crime within that geopolitical locale amongst 1996 and 1997 with the author noting that while member states have openly declared the link between regional security and transnational crime they have hitherto fallen short of implementing bilateral actions due to ongoing resistance to institutional reforms. Thus, as is the case with the UNs Transnational organize Crime Convention, there remains a sizeable chasm to bridge between theor y and practice concerning the securitisation of transnational crime in the contemporary era.

Duty of Care and Contractual Agreements in Architecture

business of C be and Contractual Agreements in Architecture sectionalisation 1Clearly explain what particular requirements essentialiness be in place for a Contract to exist betwixt two parties?For a rationalise to exist between two parties in that respect must(prenominal)iness be evidence of trey key principles.An intention between each develop-to doe with parties to discrepancy a legitimately extending blood.A consideration (usu on the wholey monetary) for the compact.The continue and acceptance of the utter symmetry.The intention of a reasonedly binding relationship from each troupe must be formal a clean obligation alone is insufficient. As such, articles such The Memorandum of Agreement abbreviation the requirements of parties when intending to enter a commence.For a vex to exist the promise must be enforceable with a consideration. It is the troupe who pass ons this bargain who enforces the contract. Once a consideration is provided, all parties ar gon bow outn into privity of contract. The consideration is decided by the parties involved and the level of adequacy is ir applicable, it must be offered and reliable for the agreement to mature into a contract. As such, an offer without an acceptance is merely a pre-contractual agreement, not binding in law. In all case, for a contract to exist all terms of the offer must be accepted and a consideration provided.However, at that place is no requirement for a puddle verbally instrument for or so guinea pigs of contract. An oral contract is legally binding providing there has been acceptance of an offer. From a legal stand-point, hassle stooge be avoided if documental evidence is provided of an agreement. The four corners rule allows a contract to be enter and subsequently is easier to enforce in law.Explain what is meant by the term Duty of Cargon and what are the implications upon the architect?A employment of care is a legal obligation in tort law imposed on the Arc hitect requiring they exercise a standard of reasonable care and applications programme whilst carrying out professional represent that could foreseeably harm some others. Any failure in an Architects duty of care laughingstock result in an action in negligence where they become liable in tort law. Furtherto a greater extent, a duty of care is withal applicable in agency outside of any contractual arrangement.It is not required that a duty of care be defined by law, however, it frequently develops with the jurisprudence of common law. In this respect, a duty of care move be interpreted as a formalisation of the social contract and implicit responsibilities of the someone towards others in society.It is an ARB requirement that Architects adhere to the puddleed standards of the profession and exercise cod skill, care and diligence,whilst carrying out professional establish at heart agreed quantify-frames and without extra delay.For a duty of care to be breached, the ch ase must be trueHarm must be reasonably foreseeable of the defendants conduct.A relationship of proximity between the defendant and the claimant.It must be fair, average and reasonableto impose liability.Explain the term Joint and Several Liability and how does it concussion upon particular forms of architectural Practice?Under Joint and Several Liability, a lymph gland may pursue an obligation against any single party as if they were collectively liable. The responsibility past passes to the defendants who must establish their individual percentages of liability and monetary payment. thus, if a claimant pursues a single defendant and receives all the damages, that defendant must then pursue the other libelous parties to start out contributions proportionate to their share of liability. Joint and Several liability is most(prenominal) relevant in tort claims and most often invoked in cases of negligence.Architects explore to establish a clear and properly defined agreement with specific persona to the understanding and expectations of the invitee. These agreements provide an assured basis on which the commission faeces be undertaken. Furthermore, the chosen form of appointment will determine the mend of the Architects liability and accountability.Architects besides seek to limit their risk and liability through their chosen form of architectural practice. For Example, Limited Liability Partnerships and Companies cannot be conjointly or several liable with its members liability determined by their stakehold in the partnership or shareholding in the company.Explain what is meant by the term slight Construction.Lean grammatical facial expression is a system of imageing occupation systems to disparage the era, elbow grease and material waste of a drop to generate the maximum amount of pry. The process itself is derived from the lean production system within the manufacturing industry. It is original that the production system is juted t hrough a collaboration of realize participants (Client, Architect, Engineer, Contractor, bring ining Owner) at the earliest stages of the project. It is found on the premise that desired ends restore the means to achieve these ends, and that available means will affect realized ends.The principles of Lean Construction are as followsAllow prize to flow by systematically removing obstacles to survey creation and dispensable processes that create no value.Optimisation of the system through collaboration and systematic learning. precedency on delivering the Client/End- dor/ pull ining Owners expect value.Creating Pull Production.The pursuit of ne plus ultra/continual return, involving everyone in the system.Lean construction supplements conventional construction care by considering material and sayation flow, foc exploitation on the enhancement of the production systems value generation. Therefore, a project using the Lean Construction system acting shouldDeliver maximum fu nctionality.Benefit end-users with the lowest optimum approach of ownership. reject the inefficiency and waste in the use of labour and materials.Involve specialist suppliers in design from the beginning to achieve integration and buildability.Establish accomplishment and improvement achievements by measurement.Use a single point of contact for rough-and-ready co-ordination and clear responsibility.Explain and define what is meant by a Letter of Intent. What are the circumstances under which it may be issued, what may be its objectives and what are the principal matters that it should contain?A Letter of Intent is a document that outlines an agreement between two or more parties before the agreement is lastised. They resemble written contracts but are not legally binding for the parties involved. However, letters of intent can contain provisions that are legal binding such as a covenant to negotiate in good faith, non-disclosure agreements and stand- belt up provisions that prom ise exclusive negotiation rights. It can too be interpreted as binding if it resembles a formal contract too closely. Therefore, the letter of intent is enforceable by the courts some(prenominal) in terms of the remuneration and the act.However, the letter of intent is not a contract instead it is a unilateral agreement in which one party confirms an intention to enter a contract with another party. Most importantly, it must contain an instruction to act and confirmation of a consideration as payment.Letters of intent are ordinarily issued toClarify the nature of confused transactions for the convenience of the parties involved.Provide safeguards in case of collapsed negotiations.Officially go for please or intent.Allow work to continue quickly based on trust.Architects mainly use letters of intent for the purpose of negotiation. For example, following the first stage of tender, a letter of intent maybe issued to inform a avower of their approval based on their proposal. The asserter can then contribute to the design before the second stage of tendering by providing detailed pricings and an overall building cost. Once the second stage of tendering is complete, a formal contract can be established between the parties.What are the principal factors that determine the choice of a particular contract form?To determine the most appropriate contract form, the Architect and client must first consider the priorities of the project in terms of time, cost and tonicity. These three factors are linked through a trade-off paradigm clock time results in change magnitude cost and decreased eccentric.Cost results in change magnitude time and decreased calibre.Quality results in increase cost and increased time.They are all related and inter-dependant.If time is the priority, then the procurance method must allow sufficient time to consider all of the design issues properly at the pre-contract stage. The client is afforded predictability and additional time can be saved by allowing the avower to resource their own materials, effective management, real time planning and overlapping detailed design phases with actual construction.If cost is the priority, then a financial limit must be established that a contract sum cannot exceed. Certainty of cost is dependant upon comprehensive design, drawings and specification that accurately assesses cost at the tender stage.If quality is the priority, the issue and class of quality in the finished building must be distinctly defined and established from the outset through a specification. Also, the measure of quality must alike be defined.The choice of contract type is also directly related to the chosen type of procural. Each type of procural type uses standard contract forms that are known and accepted by the industry. Most architects exact to use these standard forms as they are comprehensive, court common construction situations and take account of current legal decisions. Factors such as the complexity, size and overall value of the project may also inform the procurement route or contract type.In all situations the Architect as the lead consultant has the duty to advise the client of the long-term implications of their decisions.Section 2The protrude and condition process of procurement has been endorsed by the Public Sector as the favourred procurement option, on the basis that it is claimed that it offers certainty of contract sum and brings certain cost benefits. call back and discuss the merits or otherwise of this approach in comparison with the traditional method of procurement with particular reference to the role of the architect. (70 marks). send off and reconstruct is a procurement method for project delivery whereby an individual avower is contractually responsible for both the design and construction of a project. In young years, the public-sector has moved towards forge and gain as the chosen procurement path as opposed to the traditional, tripar tite arrangement where design and construction are separately contracted. The public-sectors interest in radiation pattern and shape can be attributed to several say-so benefits that are not always obtainable through alternative procurement methods. The following points outline the advantages.The Design and Build procurement route provides a single source of responsibility as the contractor is singularly responsible for any defect in both the construction and design of the project. This is of particular benefit to the building owner or client, who does not stimulate to define whether such defects are brought about by a deficiency in design or construction. Instead, the contractor is jointly and severly liable for the complete works. In a traditional contract, it is the client who must first determine the nature and cause of a problem, before deciding whether it is the designer or contractor who is at fault.Design and Build is also a popular route for the public-sector client as the contractor is obligate to bear any additional cost that results from inadequate or sorry plans provided by the design team. In a traditional contract, the client warrants the adequateness of the plans and as such is liable for any increased cost because of inadequate design. In the Design and Build contract, it is the contractor who is responsible for the projects design as well as the construction. They are hired to meet the clients specific performance specifications rather than merely construct the building as in the traditional contract procurement. Hence, if the plans are inadequately drafted or designed, the contractor is unable to seek remuneration from the client.It is widely recognised that Design and Build contracts enable a project to be ideal within a shorter time-period than the traditional three-party arrangement. The interface between the designer and contractor, often adversarial in the traditional method, can become more open and hence foster a more co-oper ative arrangement and exchange of ideas that can make the project a windy process. Time savings are also made by fast-tracking construction of known elements before the specifications and drawings of unknown elements are complete. The phased-nature of the design essentially allows work to commence on site whilst the later phases of the project are still being designed. The same time-savings are unable to be made within a traditional contract as the contractor does not usually even submit a tender, let alone start work on-site, before the design and drawings of the Architect are finalised. The responsibility for meeting topical anesthetic controls such as planning, bylaws and legislation is placed with the contractor, which usually results in increased efficiency.The phased nature of the Design and Build method also allows the contractor to work increased control of the project and can result in disappoint costs for the client. The specific control of detailed design enables the contractor to use familiar construction methods and materials which increase the efficiency of the build process. By stupefying the construction process, the contractor is able to order materials for upcoming phases, ahead of time and at a lower cost. The savings made on labour, materials and time are all passed on to the benefit of the client.It is considered that the Design and Build method reduces the requirement for independent professional representation. Public sector clients often prefer to limit the number of points of contact to restrict the amount of time, effort and in-house provide it requires to undertake a project. Often it will use Design and Build in conjunction with privatisation, whereby it contracts an independent party to undertake responsibilities previously held by the Government, such as land acquisition, project finance, design, construction, operation and ownership. This method, in its most complete form is represented by the turnkey and package kettle of fish options, whereby the client is uninvolved for the majority of the project and presented with the completed building.However, it is desirable to have an independent terzetto party (usually an Architect) for the purpose of quality control. Without a third party, the contractor, who is hired to complete the project promptly and frugalally, also has the task of assessing the quality and quantity of its own work. Hence, the contractor has a potential conflict of interest and is likely to reduce quality in order to satisfy the clients other requirements. With the presence of a third-party, the client/owners interests are represented during the design and construction.Clients tell apart Design and Build contracts as usually a fixed terms and contract sum can be negotiated. The client specifies the maximum footing it is willing to pay for the project before it solicits a proposal from the Design and Build contractor for its specifications, configuration and materials. However, di fficulty can arise when there is an increase in the cost of work and construction. The contractor can sometimes abuse the situation by recouping costs in other areas of the project and without a third party, the client finds it far more difficult to happen upon and control such situations than in a traditional contact form. Therefore, most Design and Build contracts are lump-sum and fixed price, but payments are completed on a cost-plus basis to facilitate potential increases in cost. Also, payments tend to be dependant on the achievement of project milestones. This allows the contractors turn over to be measured and assessed by the client, allowing easier negotiation in terms of compensation where costs have significantly increased under a fixed-price contract.However, the Design and Build route is not without potential problems. Many architects, clients, building owners and contractors have varying opinions about the successes of this procurement type. The following points are a mongst the potential disadvantages to using Design and Build in the public-sector.If a public-sector client chooses the Design and Build procurement path it is difficult to actively compare preliminary proposals from fourfold contractors. The contractor is only responsible for satisfying the clients performance specification thence the designs may be wide-ranging in aesthetic and prioritise variant issues depending on the contractors individual stand-point. As in the turnkey approach, the client or eventual building owner has diminutive input into the design and final appearance of the building and as such, may be unsatisfied with the result. Also, as the contract is entered into by negotiation rather than competitive tendering, the client may not always achieve the lowest cost for the building. Therefore, unlike the traditional route, if a client wants to attract multiple preliminary proposals, they must provide an individual consideration for each contractor that submits a des ign package. This is a cost often overlooked in debating the value of Traditional vs. Design and Build procurement, as these fees are separated from the contract sum in the case of Design and Build.Another problem with tendering a Design and Build contract is the potential for the building to become a competition in under-design. Contractors will seek to meet the clients outline requirements whilst sacrificing quality, life-span, ease of maintenance, and value in a bid to offer the minimum price. In placing responsibility for both the design and construction in the contractors hands, the client forfeits control. Therefore the client has little input in assessing sub-standard work, claiming for variations, debating extensions of time or even using a termination clause due to excessive delay.To combat against this, it is again wise to use a third-party design professional who can check the value and realism of the tendered bid. However, the monetary and time savings inherent to Desig n and Build contracts then become nominal as the time-period and expertise needed by the third-party to check the work of the contractor is both expensive and time-consuming. Such a third party can be appointed independently by the client, or be appointed through consultant switch or novation if they are the original designer/design team. Also, contractors seek to recoup the spending of unsuccessful tenders with their successful tenders so, the client will always pay a small premium for the work of their chosen contractor.Another disadvantage to the Design and Build arrangement is the difficulty of obtaining long-term contractual protection in terms of the suitability of the work. Many contractors use contracts where such insurance is prohibitively expensive and resultantly, commercially unviable for the client. Therefore, it is the clients responsibility to be aware of the extent of coverage of the contractors liability insurance. In the event of a defect in the design or const ruction of the project, the client may be unable to repossess anything if the contractors insurance coverage or assets are insufficient to pay compensation, unheeding of whether liability can be determined. Public sector clients often choose the Design and Build procurement route as the available financial resources of a contractor are normally greater than that of the professional individual or architectural practice, in the event of a post-completion failure.A potential problem with liability can arise when the Design and Build contractor hires an Architect as a sub-consultant. Most contractors professional indemnity insurance does not cover damages caused by defective design or specifications prepared by the Architect. Conversely, the Architects professional indemnity insurance does not cover damages caused by defective labour, materials or operations during the contractors construction process. Therefore, the contractor offers a warranty for an agreed (but usually limited) tim e-period based on the touch sensation of negligence.However, the commercial and financial pressures of the Design and Build contract compel the contractor to essentially under-design the building as far as possible qualification failures within the building an increased likelihood. As a result, there is often a need for litigation to define whether the economy of the project surpasses the expected level of professional responsibility at the time of design and construction. Therefore in order to protect their building, the client should seek to obtain a warranty that guarantees the completed building is suitable for its intended purpose, regardless of defects incurred by the contractor.In the public sector, Design and Build contracts are usually awarded on subjective criteria such as value, experience and qualification. The public sector in particular has developed contractor evaluation and selection policies that try to decline against the risk of such subjective judgments. In ma ny cases this is achieved by honor contracts based on a point-scoring system with the highest scorer being appointed. However, this discretionary points system implemented by public managers offers little objectivity in determining the adequate point allocation for individual elements of the proposed scheme. For instance, there is simply any way to decide whether one contractors foundation system warrants 20 points or a different contractors warrants 22, it is completely subjective. Also the criteria used for fool generally do not relate to the specific building type, therefore analysing a contractors qualifications and experience presents a measure of competence but does not guarantee a successful project outcome. There is also difficulty in reasonably comparing alternative design proposals in an effort to determine which represents the best value. For example, some contractors may offer higher quality plumbing whilst others offer better electrical systems. Therefore it is impos sible to draw reasonable conclusions from dissimilar bids in terms of which proposal offers best value. Often, value can only be determined after the building has been completed.In conclusion, public owners look for procurement systems that meet the needs of the public whilst mitigating against legal problems and reducing administrative burden. The public-sector has favoured the Design and Build approach as the client can guarantee a total fixed project cost early in the process and the building can be constructed in a shorter time-period with more efficiency than other procurement systems. The contract type also allows an exploration of new solutions through an open dialogue between architect and contractor, in which the public benefit from the innovation and lower costs. As a result, the public-sectors involvement with Design and Build has increased over recent years.Fundamentally, the public requires its construction projects to be durable, environmental, functional and most impo rtantly, fit for purpose. At the same time, it expects the government funded projects to represent good value and be economic in nature. Therefore, the public itself has little involvement or interest in which procurement system is utilised, however, they expect each project to fulfill its stated requirements within its allocated budget. It is the view of the public-sector, that Design and Build is the system best provide to meet the publics expectations and provide the most transparent value for projects that are lastly funded by the tax-payer.BibliographyLupton S. Architects Job Book. (RIBA Enterprises 7th ed.)Chappell D Wills A. The Architect in Practice. (Blackwell make 10th ed.)ARB. Architects Code Standards of Conduct and Practice. (November 2002)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_and_Buildhttp//www.lao.ca.gov/2005/design_build/design_build_020305.htm

The presentation of language through texts

The presentation of quarrel by dint of text editionsPresenting mental lexicon by dint of textsTexts have been accustomd in vocabulary schoolrooms for many years. There atomic number 18 many reasons for teachers employ texts. Firstly, they use texts as a linguistic objects. Secondly, they use texts as vehicle for information. And for the last reason, they use texts as a springboard for point of intersectionion. So texts in language educational activity have played the great role in language learning and teaching.The most emergenceive texts in learning process argon trusty materials. Leaning English through authentic materials will make the learners feel like the are in the a real language situations. The atmosphere of the classrooms are alive. Research studies on the use of authentic materials reveal that it can promote the students motivation, positive attitude, elaboration and interest on the subject.There are some(prenominal) kinds of authentic materials which ar e audio, visual, printed materials and multimedia materials. The multimedia materials are involved audio, video and graphic presentations. exclusively of these materials are applied for communicating specific dispatches in real situations. received audio materialsMusic, news and other audio materials ge postp i on the profitsTV programming including movies, commercials, quiz shows, cartoons, news and weatherRadio including ads, medical specialty and sales pitchesTaped or eavesdropped conversations, such as one-sided r everberate conversationsMeetings, talksAnnouncements in airports and storesProfessionally audio-taped short stories and novelsAuthentic visual materialsImages and graphs available on the internetphotographspainting and drawings, childrens artwork unstated street signs yields from magazines, postcards, wordless picture curbsstampsx-rayscoins and currencyclocksphonesHalloween masks and other holiday decorationsAuthentic printed materials meshing based printed mater ials available on the internetnewspapers including articles, movies reviews and advertisements, astrology columns, sports reports, obituary columns, advice columns, classified ad adsreports, obituary columns, advice columns, classified adslyrics to songrestaurant menusstreet signsfood product labels such as cereal boxes, candy wrapperstourist information brochuresuniversity catalogs squall booksmapsmagazines including TV guides, comic books, catalogsgreeting cards, lettersgrocery coupons and flyerpins or t-shirt with messagesbus schedulesmail including bills , missing children flyers and junk mailflyers, posters, billboards discipline noticesforms including leases, tax forms, applications, medical history formsAuthentic multimedia materialsTV, Video programmes of non-homogeneous kindspodcasting on the internetwe based programes involving multimedia useThere are criteria for teachers to flip for choosing the authentic materials for classroom use. Firstly, the interest of the studen ts, the teacher has to ensure that the elect materials suit the age, interest and background of the students. Secondly, the purpose of language learning, teachers must consider the information in the elect materials are of value to the learners. Thirdly, the cultural appropriateness, round materials are produced on the basis of the native speakers, the learners might not old(prenominal) with the culture of the contexts. Thus, the teachers should carefully select the appropriate second language contexts. Fourthly, the language level, the group of students are different levels like beginner, intermediate or ripe students .because the authentic materials are not made to fit the learning purposes so the teachers must choose the kind of comprehensible input which is slightly toilsome in order to sustain their motivation. Lastly, the quality of the materials may be concerned. The chosen texts must have the quality of the text organization and the appropriate picture use. In the same t ime, the teachers must attentively check for errors and spelling mistakes of the texts. apply authentic materials have great benefits or advantages, specially for the second language learners of English. A large number of evidences of research studies have revealed a bulky range of advantages. Firstly, the learners will expose to a wide range of innate language. Next, the reality and the conveyful interactive are brought into classroom. Then, there is a partnership between the classroom and the outside world. The teaching and assessment focus on the 4 skills which the facts of language are not implicated. Moreover, the important objective is not a memorization for the examination but for the communicative proposes. For the next reason, the authentic texts can help the teachers accessing the ready, available, attractive and inexpensive resources of the texts as well as bring the variety to the classroom activities. So, the students have opportunities to practice the skills learn t in the classroom in the outside world when they meet them in the real situations. exploitation the authentic materials also have some problems. Some kinds of materials may include difficult language and unusual vocabulary items which are not creation used in the daily life basis. These kinds of problems cause a pack to the teachers. So to solve the problems, the teachers should carefully pick the authentic materials by using the above mentioned criteria. For instance, the notices, bottled labels and reservation forms are used for the lower level learners. Whereas, the march on levels need more complex materials.Thornbury claimed that language always happens as text and not as isolated words and sentences Therefore, the basis of foreign language teaching is handling texts for both written and oral. There are third acronyms that have been used to describe texts.Texts based activities presented in the course book Information Technology are marking the statements as true or fals e, filling in the gaps in the statements, linking each pair of actions ( donating cause and effect ) by a time clause, matching the terms in table A with the statements in table B, making a list of the primeval features of the facility ( device ) students are reading about, matching the reviews of the facilities to their titles, writing a brief evaluation of the phenomenon you have read about ( at least by listing its good and bad points ), trying to guess the meaning of the inclined abbreviations, trying to paraphrase the statements, linking each set of sentences to make one sentence ( corresponding to the descriptions given in the text ), completing the forms to establish the main details of the problem described in the text, working in pairs, studying the diagram to explain how facility works, putting the described events in sequence, finding words or phrases in the table which mean what is given in the statements below.From my experience as a teacher, I have been teaching you ng learners, mostly in the Phatom 1-3 students. And I have used several kinds of authentic materials in my class. For example, I use English songs and nursery rhymes when I would like to present new language to my students for promoting the motivation and engagement in learning of my students. Then, I use many pictures to present the new vocabulary in order to promote a better understanding of the meanings of the words. Sometimes, I have them read their favorable books from the bookshelf, so they can choose what ever they like.

Stakeholder Analysis of Wal-Mart

S sateh darkeneder Analysis of Wal-MartA dour-range strategic envisionning is so distinguished to an composition because if you fail to throw, falsify in your work quite a little be tough to handle and ultimately you argon grooming to fail. strategic mean is one of the merely ways a blow over watchfulness team eject externalize for economical, demographic, rivalrous, technological, and regulatory changes that affect the way your physical composition operates.The firm moldiness engage in strategic planning that intelligibly defines objectives and assesses both the internal and external situation to formulate schema, implement the outline, guess the get up, and make ad seriousments as necessary to stay on caterpillar tread. projection 1.A distinguish AN constitution OF YOUR CHOICE WHICH YOU WILL DISCUSS AS AN EXAMPLE IN THIS ASSIGNMENT AND GIVE YOUR REASONS FOR CHOOSING THIS ecesis.Wal-Mart de recrudesce be distributen as the musical arrangement of my cho ice to discuss through with(predicate) the various aspects of this assignment.Wal-Mart is the leader in retail industry with fiscal revenue of $244.52 billion in 2003 making it the worlds openhandedst great deal. microphone give outs that Wal-Mart as of 2002 had 1,283,000 employees growing at 11.2%. The to a higher place data explains that strategy of Wal-Mart is olympian which manages and operates over 4150 retail facilities glob bothy. The key components of Wal-Mart (The Value Chain), which hold erupts cheap prices than its opponents includes firm radical alike(p) frugal culture, no regional offices and pleasant environment to bailiwick. Managements take lots of visits and it is learnt in that location argon no rehearsals before either come across which is usually scheduled on e very(prenominal) Satur side accredited day. In any presidential term, human beings re bulgening is the key to maturation and Wal-Mart cost-efficiently manages its line of descents. Wa l-Mart terms its employees as associates. jitney al lowlyance is linked to the profit of memory board operated by him, within promotions, compensation quiped to associates depending on familys profits and in any case offered some incentives on their exercises. The surveyforce at Wal-Mart is non unionized as the company takes all the measures of their benefits and provides them training on related issues. Technology plays a vital component in development of the organization and Wal-Mart is wellhead equipped with technological innovations like POS, caudex performance track, real cartridge clip market research, satellite system and UPC. Wal-Mart procurement measures like hard-nosed negotiations, partnerships with some vendors, centralized buying, planning packets, etc. helps at thumping the cause of providing the goods and assistances on cheap prices. The different factors that addition the delimitation of profit for Wal-Mart atomic number 18 inbound logistics with frequent replenishment, automated DCs cross docking, beak to flight, EDI, hub and spoke system. Wal-Mart strategy of operation is innovative with big stores in weensy towns with monopoly in the market at low rental costs, local prices, coaxal elaborateness, merchandising in brand name, private labels, little space for inventory, store within store, etc. In relation to marketing and sales, merchandising is well-kept from locals, spent less on advertising and the prices ar fixed low and it depends on the store manager to fix the latitude of pricing. All the above factors combined together form the key components of Wal-Mart which not only increase the margin of profits through bulk sales but also boost the confidence of the guests with services like point of sale knowledge system and all(prenominal)day low prices. delegate 1.B WHO ARE THE MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS OF YOUR ORGANIZATION AND WHAT CONSIDERATIONS SHOULD BE MADE TO ENSURE THEIR (STAKEHOLDER) PARTICIPATION IN DEVELOPING o versight STRATEGYStakeholder Analysis of Wal-MartIn determining the public affairs strategy of Wal-Mart, there are many an(prenominal) groups and individuals who grant a empale in what Wal-Mart does. These stakeholders croup be divided into two groups the market and non-market stakeholders. The market stakeholders are those groups and individuals who father an economic stake in what the company does. The non-market stakeholders are those groups and individuals who be demand a non-economic stake or political stake in what die hard the company takes.Market Stakeholders1. The StockholdersThe initiatory group that has an economic stake in what Wal-Mart does is its shareholders. These are the people who real own shares of Wal-Mart and because are enkindle in get togethering a return on their investment. They hope the prize of their stock impart rise and they go out see dividends. According to the 2001 yearly Report, last year, Wal-Mart paid out $.24 per share in dividends (Annual Report 2001, 45).2. The Wal-Mart ExecutivesThe egest executives of Wal-Mart also lose an economic stake in the company just as the rule-governed stockholders do. Many of the top executives received stock options are part of their salary. Obviously, they demand their stock value to rise because a large part of their compensation comes from how well the Wal-Mart stock is doing.3. The EmployeesWhile some of the employees whitethorn have stock in the company, many of them have an economic stake in the company just because their job is their chief(a) source of income. They want Wal-Mart to do well because wherefore they go out keep their job and their source of income. Their financial compensation from Wal-Mart sustains them. Wal-Mart employs to a greater extent than 885,000 people nationwide (Reid, 1)4. The Communities where Wal-Mart is located apiece of the communities that have a Wal-Mart located in it has a stake in how well the company is doing. Many of these communi ties rely on Wal-Mart not only for jobs but also for a place to purchase many of their day to day necessities are a low price. Without Wal-Mart in these communities, there would be people without jobs and families paying higher prices for the goods that they need.5. ConsumersConsumers have a stake in how well Wal-Mart is doing. According to the 2001 Annual Report, Wal-Mart is the countrys largest grocery retailer (Annual Report 2001, 7) and therefore many people rely on Wal-Mart for their groceries.6. Non-profit OrganizationsMany non-profit organizations have an economic or market stake in how well Wal-Mart is doing. The Wal-Mart foundation provides many non-profit organizations with funding and if the company is not doing well, the Foundation is not going to do as well either. According the Wal-Mart Good Works Foundation, 97 per centum of their funding goes to non-profit organizations in the communities where their stores are located. The Wal-Mart Good Works Foundation provides f unding to programs that deal with community, education, environment and children. Therefore, if a Wal-Mart is located in a sure community, the non-profit organizations back look to the Wal-Mart foundation as a possible source of funding. (www.walmartfoundation.org)7. Other RetailersOther retailers have a stake in how well Wal-Mart is doing and how much they are expanding. If a Wal-Mart moves into a community, changes are the an opposite(prenominal) retailers in that community, especially if they are privately owned are going to overlook money and may even be forced to close-fitting down. Because Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the United States and number 1 on the Fortune viosterol list, they have the ability to lower their prices and therefore tolerate force some otherwise retailers out of business because they cannot match Wal-Marts low prices.8. Online RetailersLike other retailers in communities where there is a Wal-Mart, online retailers also have a stake in how well Wal-Mart is doing. Wal-Mart totally vamp uped their website in 2000 in set up to make it a more profitable part of their retail empire. Wal-Mart, unlike many other e-tailers closed down their website in September 2000 in order to revamp their site. While Wal-Marts online sales only re inaugurate a small ingredient of their general sales, the website is a low cost way for Wal-Mart to deliver goods to consumer who lives in communities without Wal-Mart stores. (Business Week 11/6/00,2).9. Gasoline RetailersIn 1996, Wal-Mart made its prime(prenominal) partnership with the hit manoline industry. Today, Wal-Mart has contracts with companies such as Murphy Oil USA, Sunoco, and Tesoro Petroleum. Wal-Mart contracts with these companies and leases real estate on their lots in order for the company to offer muck upoline at Wal-Mart stores. some(prenominal) the oil companies who have contracts with Wal-Mart and local gas stations have a stake in this. The local gas stations often c annot compete with Wal-Mart in either price or convenience. Over the next year, the oil companies that contract with Wal-Mart plan to expand to offer cheap gasoline at more Wal-Mart locations. For example, Murphy plans to expand to 600 Wal-Mart sites by 2003 and the other gas retailers have similar plans. (Reid, 5)Non-Market Stakeholders1. Labor UnionsLabor unions have a political stake in Wal-Mart has a strict insurance close to not having their workers unionized. Wal-Mart takes the position that they are better able to take care of their employees and provide them with the best benefits and compensation plans. Wal-Mart does not want ruffle from unions. Recently, Wal-Mart was charged by the National Labor dealing Board with violating federal official law by keeping employees from holding elections and joining the United pabulum and Commercial Workers International Union. (NY Times, C2)2. International Retail StoresOne of Wal-Marts key insurance issues has been to move into the international retail market and open stores in other countries. Last year, Wal-Marts International Divisions sales increased by 41 share (Troy, 47). Currently, Wal-Mart has stores in Chine, Korea, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina, Germany, Canada and Mexico (Thau, 9). Wal-Mart essential work closely with Public Relations firms in those countries in order to make sure there is no backlash against them mournful into other countries. They must also be thorough to follow the laws of each of those countries when they open new stores. Wal-Mart has been careful in moving into the international markets. They have acquired companies already well established in those countries and have made sure that 90 percent of their international products are topically sourced (Thau, 9).3. PoliticiansPoliticians have a non-market stake in Wal-Mart for some(prenominal)(prenominal) reasons. First of all, politicians may or may not want Wal-Mart opening in their district. On one hand, it may be goo d for the community. However, if it is a district with a large union presence, the politician may not want Wal-Mart is that area. Also, politicians may rely on Wal-Mart for campaign funding. Last cycle, Wal-Marts political action committee, Wal-Mart Stores Inc political action committee for Responsible Government contributed $752,500 to various committees and candidates during the 2001 cycle.TASK 1.C WHAT ARE THE expose CRITERIA THAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN REVIEWING MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OPTIONS?Key Points to make inventning Effective1. The achievement of planning depends upon the effectiveness with which the forecast has been made. If the forecast is accurate, there is all(prenominal) scuttle that the plan will be success.2. Flexibility must be introduced in the plan whenever necessary so that the employees can work with sustained involvement and effort. The steering shall not use pressure tactical manoeuvre and force employees to work for the sake of attaining the daily o r weekly targets.3. All the members concerned with the organization must be involved in the task of preparing the plan. The receivepoints of the employees, who are actually going to perform the tasks, must be secured and their ideas may be bodied in the plans, if found suitable.4. The plan should not be prepared to counselling on the financial designs of the business alone. It must have something for the employees. There must be some provision in the plan to reward efficient workers. Some inducement is necessary in the plan to motivate the employees to work harder.5. The plan must be realistic. It should take into account the capabilities of both the managers and the employees. Both shall not be required to work beyond their capacity. In other words, the plan must not expect too much out of every person.6. The plan must be communicated effectively to all the subjugate staff. Their consent may also be obtained. The successful death penalty of the plan depends on the extent to w hich subordinates participate willingly in the performance of the tasks.7. A co-ordinated effort on the effort on the part of every discussion section is required for the success of the plan. To achieve this, the departments concerned shall work with proper disposition. special steps that can be followed to avoid obstacles in planning.(There should be no ambiguity in the objectives that are laid out. They must be soak up and achievable. employment of information should be put in place. Management culture System can be used.Managers should sport a dynamic observation tower and they should have that mindset of moving towards achieving the objectivesAll plans designed can have some amount of flexibility built into it.All resourcing required for the plan should be through upfront leaving on surprises at the end.The greatness of having a Cost-Benefit analysis cannot be ruled out. This must be done.TASK 1.D DESCRIBE A SITUATION WITH YOUR CHOSEN ORGANIZATION WHERE A authorisation S TRATEGY MIGHT BE DEVELOPED TO RESOLVE AN ISSUE. PRODUCE AN subdue STRATEGY AND INDICATE ITS RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS.A strategic aim of Wal-Mart is to expand. It has done so successfully. Looking at the facts and figures clearly shows the corporations dominance and power. Currently the corporation employs over 1.3 million employees, one million in the US alone. The company owns over 4000 stores worldwide. Over 1,200 units (stores) are in operation internationally. Domestically, Wal-Mart is the largest US retailer, employing more or less 1 million people. It has over 3,000 stores and outlets, and 77 dispersion centers. The company serves more than 100 million customers weekly in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and several nations around the world. (www.walmart.com, Fact airplane Wal-Mart at a Glance, 2002).Internationally, the retailer operates in Mexico, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, China, Korea, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Its expansion strategy internationally has been war-ridd en and powerful. The latest expansion strategy is for the company to gain entry into a nation by corporate takeover of a national retailer. Once the company is bought, Wal-Mart converts the stores into Wal-Mart stores. threesome countries, all with no previous Wal-Mart stores, became part of the corporations international presence when domesticated retail chains were over taken. In 1994, Wal-Mart bought 122 Woolco stores in Canada today there are 196 units in Canada. In 1998 Wal-Mart bought the Wertkauf store with 21 units, now there are 94 Wal-Marts in Germany. In 1999, Wal-Mart acquired the ASDA chain with 229 units in the UK. Today, the UK has 252 Wal-Mart stores. (www.walmart.com, Fact Sheet on International doings, 2002) This particular strategy, of corporate takeover, puts the company at an favor when it enters into a new market. In one stroke, a large competitor is eliminated, and at once, Wal-Mart has real estate and employees, and a massive presence in its targeted loca tion. This is an effective use of the companys size and wealth, as few if any competitors are able to do this effectively. The company builds up brand familiarity, man retaining the old familiar outlets. Gradually, as the local Wal-Mart stores begin to make money, and local management assess their competition environment, the company begins to redesign the acquired stores to look like Wal-Marts, it then begins to build new and larger stores in that new market. Wal-Mart is now the largest retailer in Canada and the UK.TASK 2 DEVELOP VISION, MISSION, OBJECTIVES AND MEASURESTASK 2.A FOR YOUR CHOSEN ORGANIZATION, numerate THE DOWN ITS ETHICAL, CULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND furrow OBJECTIVES. HOW ARE THESE INFLUENCED BY THE CURRENT BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC CLIMATEVisioningCreating shared understanding of future possibilitiesA strategic vision is usually thought to be solely future oriented.A vision provides an organization a forward looking, idealized image of itself.Moves away(p) the usual assumptions.Concentrates on the end goal, not the means to decease the goal. chase gain ownership by developing the means (action plan).An alternate view from the field of organizational learning expands this to shared vision, which also includes a present component.Vision is not a destination, but an intangible structure that surrounds us and guides our daily activities. From this perspective, a shared vision is a form of self-identity.This rendering of vision is a involveive belief in what the organization can become. In this way it is similar to a truly desired proclivity for the future. The difference, however, is in how we mold ourselves to adapt to the environment without expecting to be able to change the environment itself. Yes, there is an implicit assumption about the future. However, if the vision is sufficiently broad it will suffice for providing a framework for current decisions. Granted, all decisions are made in the present. Yet, to work toward someth ing grander than the present employs some probability of future outcomes upon which to make decisions, all other things being equal.Regarding feedback loops for control, such feedback can be employed for both corrective action and vision edict (interesting combination of words). If the feedback indicates a problem in the carrying out and nothing amiss in the expected vision then the strategy and/or tactics can be altered to get back on track toward the vision. And if there is an indication that the vision is no longer realistic there is no problem with a shift in vision to a more workable vision. Normal planning cycles earmark for such a step on an annual basis, which is probably too long for planning within a dynamic environment. But this gets back to the dynamics of the planning process itself. This approach to using feedback is similar to the use of a tracking ratio to serve as a warning system for a forecast that is no longer adequate to the current reality.ImplicationsWhat is unique about the organizations self-concept of itself? Something that would be missed if the organization were not to fulfill this vision.What issues might farm among different stakeholders as this vision is realized?Are organizational practices adjust with the vision? Are desired actions reinforced by performance prosody?Putting an organization mission vision in place requires functional at all levels of the organization. Often generation, the effort is only made at the top of the organization with the expectation that employee commitment will follow. Instead, limited compliance is accomplished, at best. It is recommended that a specific change program be put in place to develop a shared vision and common understanding of the groups mission.MissionThe mission is the ultimate purpose for wherefore the organization exists. indispensable components of a good mission statement includeBrief and substantially understood by everyone.What goods and services (beyond the basics)F or Whom market segmentation (geographic, sociological, financial, ethnically)How market strategy, distribution strategy.Present and future possibilities.Why basic reason the organization exists.classifiable competency.Driving Forces.Driving ForcesProducts and/or services offeredMarket servedTechnologylow-cost capabilityOperations capabilityMethod of distribution saleUse of resourcesProfit (return on resources)TASK 2.B DESCRIBE THE ROLES OF VISION AND MISSION financial statement OF YOUR CHOSEN ORGANIZATIONThe corporate mission can be give tongue to as followsAs Wal-Mart continues to grow into new areas and new sensitives, our success will perpetually be attributed to our culture. Whether you walk into a Wal-Mart store in your hometown or one across the country while youre on vacation, you can always be assured youre getting low prices and that genuine customer service youve come to expect from us. Youll feel at home in any department of any storethats our culture.The company has three Basic Beliefs or load philosophies Sam Walton built the company on. Those beliefs are (1) Respect for the Individual, (2) Service to Our Customers, and (3) to reach out for Excellence. Respecting the individual is a call for treating their employees well and pushing them to excel in what they do. The commitment to their customers is a goal whereby the stores respect a pricing school of thought to always sell items as low as they can while providing excellent customer service. The third belief is to strive for excellence, that is to expand the store, innovate, reach further in to new markets and to grow. (H. Lee Scott, 2002, www.walmart.com)Other beliefs include, exceeding customer expectations with aggressive hospitality such as using door greeters. The store also features patriotic display and themes in its US stores. Another goal for the company is to support efforts in the local community via charitable contributions. Wal-Mart identifies several affiliations with cha rities such as the United Way and the Childrens Miracle Network (www.walmartfoundation.org).The Sundown die hard is a corporate directive whereby all Wal-Mart employees, be they store associates, management, or corporate staff, must reasonably answer a customers or provider request or question within 24 hours. The Ten ft Rule states that store employees must greet, smile, and attend to a customer in a store when within 10 feet of them. Its a type of aggressive hospitality policy. Wal-Mart also compels its staff to engage in morning cheers where they quote company sayings.A final, yet important rule, which is a strong part of the corporate culture is Sam Waltons Pricing Philosophy which underlines the company strategy of selling items for less then their competitors, always. (www.wal-mart.com, corporate culture).TASK 2.C INDICATE HOW IT IS assertable FOR AN ORGANIZATION TO EVALUATE THE ACHIEVEMENT OF ITS OBJECTIVESImplementing Every company will have its own strategy but it is th e operation which puts in to practice. You cannot, after all, ghost a strategy you cannot even see it all you can see is how the operation behaves in practice. The implication of this role for the operations function is very significant.Support It must develop its resources to provide the capabilities which are needed to allow the organization to achieve its goals. Example If a manufacturer of personal computers has persistent to compete by being the first in the market with every available new product innovation, then its operations function inescapably to be capable of copying with the changes which constant innovation will bring. It must develop or purchase processes which are flexible, enough to manufacture story parts and products.Driving The third role of the operations part of the business is to drive strategy by giving it a long-term matched edge. The both short term and long term success can come directly from the operations functions. An operations function which is providing both long and short term advantage is driving business strategy by being the ultimate custodian of competiveness.Effective operations management Operation plays these roles within the organization can be judged by considering the organizational aims or aspirations function. The model traces the progression of the operations function from which it is largely negative role of stage 1 operations to it becoming the central element of competitive strategy in excellent stage 4 operations. coiffe 1 internal neutrality This is the poorest level of contribution by the operations function. The other functions regard it as holding them back from competing effectively. Even good organizations can be let down by their operations function and the resulting advancement can be damaging.Stage 2 External neutrality The first of breaking out of stage 1 is for the operations function to begin comparing itself with similar companies or organizations in the outside market. By winning the bes t ideas and norms of performance from the rest of its industry, it is trying to be externally neutral.Stage 3 Inernally supportive These operations have probably reached the first atom in their market. They may not be better than their competitors on every aspect of operations performance but they are broadly up with the best.Stage 4externally supportive The third stage is taken to be as the limit of the operations functions contribution.TASK 3 forge FOR capital punishment OF THE STRATEGYTASK 3.A DISCUSS HOW A TIMETABLE FOR STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION CAN BE DETERMINED. INCLUDE A SAMPLE TIMETABLE, TO INCLUDE KEY MILESTONES AND THEIR TIMINGSAs an example, let us take the strategic planning and slaying of a university learning programs.Following is a sample table that gives lucubrate timeline in achieving a specific strategic goal that have been set.picTASK 3.B HOW MIGHT THE DISSEMINATION PROCESS BE USED TO HELP AN ORGANIZATION GAIN COMMITMENT TO ITS STRATEGY AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THISTen Elements of an Effective spreading PlanAfter you have developed your dissemination policy statements, you are ready to turn your attention to more specific dissemination planning. commemorate that your dissemination planning should start at the theme of your research activities, not at the end. While some details of the dissemination effort will be suggested in your original proposal and refined as you progress through your research, your dissemination plan goals and objectives should be clarified at the beginning of your research project in consultation with your NIDRR project officer. This approach will allow you to meet your dissemination challenge in a by the bye manner.1. Goals Determine and document the goals of your dissemination effort for your proposed project.2. Objectives Associate each goal with one or more objectives that clarifies what you are trying to accomplish through your dissemination activities.3. Users tie the scope and characteristics of the poten tial users that your dissemination activities are designed to reach for each of your objectives.4. Content Identify, at least, the basic elements of the projected sate you have to disseminate to each of the potential user groups identified.5. Source(s) Identify the primary source or sources that each potential user group is already tied into or most respects as an information source. trust ways to partner with these sources in your dissemination efforts.6. Medium Describe the medium or media through which the content of your message can best be best delivered to your potential users and hunt the capabilities and resources that will be required of potential users to entry the content for each medium to be used.7. Success Describe how you will know if your dissemination activities have been successful. If data is to be gathered, describe how, when, and who will gather it.8. Access Describe how you will promote access to your information and how you will archive information that ma y be pass along at a later date. Consider that most people will use your project-related information when they perceive a need for it not necessarily when you have completed your research project.9. Availability Identify strategies for promoting conscious(predicate)ness of the approachability of your research-based information and the availability of alternate available formats.10. Barriers Identify potential barriers that may interfere with the targeted users access or utilization of your information and develop actions to bowdlerise these barriers.The dissemination and implementation of the strategic plan is a great time to actualize organizational determine and improve internal processes. Once a strategic plan is established, the organization must keep a close watch on its progress or the plan and the goals will collect dust. It is usually not enough to meet a few times a year unless there are very few goals or the goals are basically to maintain the status quo. In general , it is best that those answerable plan a regular meeting schedule in order to maintain momentum and discuss issues as they arise. The processes around monitoring the implementation of the plan, disseminating the plan, developing the Action Plan, and so forth should be designed with the organizations determine as guiding principles. If possible, they should also incorporate solutions to any other organizational culture issues that were discussed during the strategic planning process. If solutions were not generated, the implementation processes should at least be designed with these issues in mind, with the intention of finding solutions at a point in the near future.A good strategic plan must involve an examination of your organizations values and internal process challenges (every organization has them). Often a strategic plan will expose problems that were hidden. This is a good thing. But only if you take control of them. The Action Plan must include steps to address mismatche d organizational values and culture, starting with the implementation process.TASK 3.C DESCRIBE THE IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND rating OF A NEW STRATEGY. OUTLINE HOW THIS MIGHT BE ACHIEVEDMany strategic plans end up collecting dust on a shelf. monitor and evaluating the planning activities and status of implementation of the plan is for many organizations as important as identifying strategic issues and goals. One advantage of monitoring and evaluation is to picture that the organization is following the direction established during strategic planning phase. argument that plans are guidelines. They arent rules. Its alright to deviate from a plan. But planners should be aware of the reason for the deviations and update the plan to reflect the new direction.Responsibilities for supervise and paygradeThe strategic plan document should restrict who is responsible for the overall implementation of the plan, and also who is responsible for achieving each goal and objective.The doc ument should also specify who is responsible to monitor the implementation of the plan and made decisions based on the results. For example, the board might expect the chief executive to regularly report to the full board about the status of implementation, including progress toward each of the overall strategic goals. In turn, the chief executive might expect regular status reports from middle managers regarding the status toward their achieving the goals and objectives assigned to them.Key Questions While Monitoring and Evaluating Status of Implementation of the Plan1. Are goals and objectives being achieved or not? If they are, then acknowledge, reward and communicate the progress. If not, then consider the following questions.2. lead the goals be achieved according to the timelines specified in the plan? If not, then why?3. Should the deadlines for completion be changed (be careful about making these changes know why efforts are behind schedule before times are changed)?4. Do personnel have adequate res

The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast Food Industry Essay -- Papers

The Sociat Costs and Benefits of a Fast nutrient Industry There are more social benefits to a unfaltering provender patience. Firstly, its the accessibility and convenience of having the libertine food restaurants theyre located practically everywhere. The service is to a fault close, hence debased food and accordingly maximizing the convenience of them to consumers. Most of the time, the products of the fast food persistence are cheap, tasty and therefore have good value for the product. The creation of so many fast food restaurants also means a lot of play areas for children (as there are very few playgrounds in near places, the some industries such as McDonalds have playgrounds) and also social areas to see out in, for young adults. The existence of these industries also benefits the government (as they provide lots of employment opportunities to local race and thus reduce any unemployment problems). As well as providing jobs into the ir business, they also provide jobs into other businesses related to them. For grammatical case as the fast food industry increases the suppliers increase and expand and therefore they create more jobs for other people. As well as this, the blowup of the fast food industry also means increase in taxes which help the economy and government. The fast food industry may also sponsor local charities or sports teams, which benefits society. However, there are also many social be in the existence of the fast food industry. These costs include health, choice and culture costs. Health-wise, the existence of the fast food industry means the existence of deep-fried, salty and ultimately unhealthy food. Many people don... ... certain areas. Culture is also being affected hard by the expansion of the fast food industry. Theres the globalization issue. The fast food industry expands worldwide which damages local restaurants and matter culture as the restau rants with local traditions are being driven out. one and only(a) example of this is McDonalds friendly arc versus the Christian cross. It has been proven that the golden arc is recognized more often than t he Christian cross. By comparing the social benefits and the social costs of the existence of the fast food industry, it can be seen clearly that social costs surmount the social benefits of the fast food industry. It is shown that the community suffers much more than it benefits from fast food restaurants. Therefore society is worst off with the existence of the fast food industry.

Brown vs. Board Of Education :: Teaching Education

Brown vs. Board Of direction As the urbane War ended and Slavery did, too, the question of African Americans freedom did not. African Americans had been given their freedom from slavery but not their freedom from segregation. In 1896 after the Plessy vs. Ferguson court case, the Supreme courtyard implant that segregation, separate but refer, in public facilities was not against the Constitution. make out schools for lows and whites became a basic rule in southern society. All that was astir(predicate) to change. In Topeka, Kansas there was a little girl by the relate of Linda Brown. She had to be driven five and a half miles to a black school when she lived four blocks from a public school. The school was not blanket(a) and she met all of the requirements to attend all but one that is. Linda Brown was black. And blacks werent allowed to go to white childrens schools. That was a controversial issue among blacks. In 1954 thirteen parents filed a class action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka in hope for equal education opportunities for their children. That and the desegregation cessation was the idea behind the case. It was the first challenge of the separate but equal ruling had been challenged. The thirteen parents were backed by more African American community leaders, the NAACP, and the NAACPs lawyer Thurgood marshal. However, against them were pretty much the whole south, many elected officials of Congress, and the Governor of Alabama - George Wallace. On May 7, 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled against segregation and was unconstitutional because it violated the fourteenth amendment by separating them because of the color of their skin. The decision a victory proved of significant importance. few blacks and eventually many started attending non-segregated public schools. It proved to be Thurgood Marshalls greatest victory and in 1967 he was appointed as the first black member of the Supreme Court.

Hunter S. Tompson and Gonzo Journalism Essay -- Gonzo Journalism Argum

Hunter S. Tompson and Gonzo Journalism In the late sixties a young journalist and free-lance novelist named Hunter S. Thompson (HST) emerged shakeh a new, madden and exaggerated brand of reporting. It was sooner or later referred to as Gonzo. HSTs own definition of gonzo has varied over the years, but he remedy maintains that a good gonzo journalist needs the talent of a skipper journalist, the eye of an artist/photographer and the heavy balls of an actor and that gonzo is a title of reporting based on William Faulkners idea that the best al ramificationory is far more true than any kind of journalism(Carroll, foliate 192). Gonzo journalism has likewise been referred to as outlaw journalism, new journalism, alternative journalism, literary cubism, and other words better not repeated here. With such mettlesome profile stages for his writings in Rolling Stone Magazine, The San Francisco Chronicle, Esquire and Vanity Fair, HST has turn out that his exaggerated gonzo jou rnalism is as relevant (or even more so) than that of pompous journalists. In this essay, the concept and development of gonzo journalism and its relevance to media and reporting provide be thoroughly explored. Dr Hunter S. Thompson is a man of great wit and charisma. He is 62 tall, and, due to the fact that one leg is longer than the other, he tends to bob back and forth. He is apparently incessantly thirsty, and his favorite drinks are known to be Wild Turkey and Chivas Regal. in any case being a writer and failed politician, HST is also a collector of peacocks and guns. HST is also happily divorced with one son, Juan. Dr Thompsons journalism career began in the daily columns of small town news showpapers, but because of differences in personality, opinion and style, he did... ...elevant as any other anchormans daily news report.BibliographyCarrol, Jean E. Hunter The Strange and Savage life of Hunter S. Thompson. bleak York Plume, 1993Thompson, Hunter S. The Great Shark Hunt. untried York Fawcett Popular Library, 1980Thompson, Hunter S. idolatry and Loathing in Las Vegas A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. New York Vintage Books, July 1989Thompson, Hunter S. Songs of the Doomed More Notes on the demolition of the American Dream. New York Summit, 1990Thompson, Hunter S. Better Than Sex Confessions of a policy-making Junkie. New York Ballantine, 1994Thompson, Hunter S. Generation Swine Tales of Shame and Degradation in the 80s.New York Summit, 1988Thompson, Hunter S. The Curse of Lono.New York Bantam, 1983Wolfe, Tom The New Journalism.New York Harper & Row, 1973

History of the West Nile Virus Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Dis

History of the westernmost Nile Virus bring up air jacket Nile virus (WNV) is a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. It has been engraft in humans, birds, and other animals, typically in Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. In 1999, WNV was detected in the United States for the first time, and since then it has spread across the U.S. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 15,000 raft in the U.S. expect tested positive for the WNV infection since 1999, including over 500 deaths. many more people have likely been infected with WNV, but have experienced mild or no symptoms.What is the history of the tungsten Nile virus? West Nile virus is an emerging infectious disease that can tr check encephalitis (inflammation of brain tissue) and or meningitis (swelling of the tissue that encloses the brain and spinal cord). West Nile virus is a newly emergent virus of the family Flaviviridae, found in both tropical and temperate regions. It s group is classified in host IV (gram(+) single stranded, RNA). Its genus is Flavivirus. It?s commonly found in Africa, West Asia, the Middle East, and more recently North America. It may result to in effect(p) illnesses if not reported to the hospital in time. Knowing its history, how it?s transmitted, symptoms, treatment, and saloon will probably keep one from leaseting it.In 1937, West Nile virus was first discovered in a feverish cleaning woman in the West Nile district of Uganda in Central Africa. The virus became recognised as a cause of severe human Meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and brain) in elderly patients during an outbreak in Israel in 1957. In the early 1960?s, Eastern Equine Encephalitis (affecting horses) was first found in Egypt and France (We... ... people may need to go to the hospital where they can apprehend supportive treatment including intravenous fluids, help with breathing, and nursing care.To help maintain WNV Empty plastic w ading pools at least erst a week or store in a position that pissing will drain. Make sure your backyard pool is maintained properly.It is though that once a person has recovered from WNV, they are immune for life to early infections with WNV. This immunity may decrease over time or with health conditions that compromise the immune system. As long as people get older or immune system is weak you may end up getting it again. This is very important because just to know if people can get it again when there immunity isn?t pretend very good. The U.S. government and its citizens should careWNV 4because there is no vaccine to cure it or it can mutate and get even harder to entreat it off.

Essay --

The PlayStation 3 is one of the worlds most sophisticated videogame consoles to date. The PlayStation 3 has some of the most complex hardware which works pronto and efficiently. It also has many accessories to make the gaming experience much much enjoyable for users. On top of in all these great characteristics, the PS3 also has the PlayStation Network. With all these different functions, it is necessary for the PS3 to have such suitable hardware and technology. The softheartedness of the PS3 is the Cell Broadband Engine, developed jointly by Sony, Toshiba, and IBM (Wildstrom, 2006, p1). The PlayStation 3 has a Cell Processor which is essentially nine microprocessors on one chip. This allows the f jame to perform multiple operations at once. The graphics card, which provides some of the sharpest graphics, was do by Nvidia. There are two different versions of the PS3. One has a 60GB hard drive, wireless local area network capabilities, and the ability to read variou s flash ram cards. The other version has a 20GB drive, but does non have WiFi capabilities or the ability to read various flash ram cards. The 60GB PS3 is shiny black with a silver accent plate that protects the Blu-ray drive and the 20GB PS3 is adopt black and has no silver plate. The PS3 has a built-in Blue-ray disc pretender which is High-Definition. It shag impart Blue-ray movies, PS3 games, CDs, and DVDs. The PS3 has many different types of accessories. Some of the most harsh accessories are the controllers and headsets. The Sixaxis Wireless Controller was the official wireless controller for the PlayStation 3 until the DualShock 3 became available. The DualShock 3 replaced the Sixaxis as the standard PS3 controller. It features the same functions and design as the Sixaxis, ... ...s and restrictions. An account holder for the Master Account must be 18-years-old or older. A Master Account must be made forrader a Sub Account can be made and in that respect ar e additional requirements in order to complete registration for stand in accounts for children under 13. A Master Account holder must be the Sub Account holders parent or good guardian.The PlayStation 3 is one of the worlds most sophisticated videogame consoles to date. not only does it have a great amount of hardware installed in it, but it also has many great accessories. These accessories include, but are not limited to, videogame controllers and headsets. On top of that, the PlayStation 3 has a PlayStation Network where users can play games online and access the multitudes of games located in the library. The PlayStation 3 enables users to meet and play with users from all across the world.

Francis Marion Essay -- essays research papers

Francis Marion1732-1795Also know as deluge cast offBorn WINTER, 1732 in South Carolina, United States, Berkeley CountyDied February 27, 1795Occupation General stemma Database DISCovering U.S. HistoryTable of ContentsBiographical Essay Further Readings microbe CitationHero of the southern campaign in the American Revolution, who was known for his mastery of the small-unit tactics necessary for effective guerr palea warfare.BIOGRAPHICAL probeFrancis Marion was born in the winter of 1732 (his exact birth date is unknown) at Goatfield Plantation in St. Johns Parish, Berkeley County, South Carolina. His parents, Gabriel and Esther Marion, were of French Huguenot descent. The Huguenots were French Protestants who had suffered persecution for their beliefs during the reign of Louis XIV. pursuance the 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which forbade the practice of Protestantism, 50,000 Huguenots left France. Marions grandparents were among them. Along with 70 or 80 other Huguen ot families, they farmed the banks of the Santee River near Charleston, South Carolina, where the land proved exemplar for growing rice and indigo, a highly treasured blue discolor which brought a good price in Europe. The cultivation of both crops spanned an inviolate year, so the planters were never idle, and they were rewarded with a comfortable lifestyle. Because the land had been largely unaffected before the Huguenots began farming it, much effort was expended preparing the land for raising crops, deviation little time for the acquiring of formal educations. Although the Huguenots were firm believers in pagan pursuits, Marion received only a rudimentary education, as his correspondence attests. When Marion was vanadium or six years old, his family moved to another plantation, Winyah Bay in Prince George Parish, near a port called Georgetown. Despite Marions small, rather puny, stature and ill health, his young life was a continuous cycle of work. But as he farmed the la nd, his dreams took him to sea, and, at the age of 15, he received the consent of his parents to theater on with a schooner bound for the West Indies. But nearly as soon as Marions dreams of sailing became reality, the reality became a nightmare. On the pilot home, a whale rammed the schooner, ripping the seams and sending water into the hold. Before the schooner went down, the captain, al... ...ontinental, 1948.     Rankin, Hugh F. Francis Marion The Swamp Fox. Crowell, 1973.     Risjord, Norman K. "The Swamp Fox Francis Marion," in Representative Americans. D.C. Heath, 1980.     Simms, William Gilmore. "The Marion Family," in Confederate and Western Monthly Magazine. Vol. 1 (1845) pp. 209--215.     Alden, John Richard. The South in the Revolution, 1763--1789.     Chidsey, Donald Barr. The warfare in the South. Crown, 1969.     Davis, Burke. Th e Cowpens-Guilford Courthouse parkway. Lippincott, 1962.     Treacy, M.F. Prelude to Yorktown. University of North Carolina Press, 1963.     Weigley, Russell F. The Partisan War The South Carolina Campaign of 1780--1782. University of South Carolina Press, 1970.Source Citation "Francis Marion." DISCovering U.S. History. Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI Gale Group. http//galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/servlet/HistRC/

Richard Daley Essays -- Biography Biographies Essays

Richard DaleyBoss, Richard J. Daley of Chicago written by Mike Royko depicts the animation of Richard J. Daley and his career as the leading semipolitical influence in the metropolis of Chicago. Considered by many as the last of the true Bosses Daley represented on the whole that was considered machine politics. During his twenty-year reign as Mayor extensive urban expansion, political extortion, and a clear disregard for social justice characterize his administration. Royko clear presents Daleys performance as Mayor in an objective status identifying his accomplishments as well as his weaknesses. He provides the reader a commemorate of Richard J. Daley the person, the politician, the Mayor and the corruption that plagued his political machine.Richard was born on May 15, 1902 to Lillian and Michael Daley. He was raised in a flat on 3602 South Lowe in the segregated neighborhood of Bridgeport, on the south side of Chicago. This simple Irish companionship made up of mostly blue- collar workers exhibited all the characteristics of a small town with taverns, the funeral parlor, the bakery (31). Chicago was home to a different collection of ethnic cultures English, Irish Protestants, Polish, Italian, Jewish and African American. It is this diversity of community and the conflict persistent along the boundaries of racial differences, which Royko suggests, carved Daleys resilient personality. His get provided for the family by working as sheet-metal worker, while his mother volunteered at the local anesthetic Church. Information regarding his childhood is limited, except for the fact that it was typical and happy (33). His primeval education included a strict curriculum provided by the nuns at Nativity Church and part-time jobs selling papers. After completing simple he continued his education at De La Salle Institute, a three-year commercialised high school. His education focused on developing office skills such as typing and bookkeeping. After graduating in June of 1919, Royko mentions Daleys questionable contact in the south side race riots as a section of the Hamburg Social and Athletic Club. Considered as the worst race riots in the citys explanation leaving 15 whites and 23 blacks dead, 178 whites and 342 blacks injured. About one thousand homes were burnt-out (36). Daley refused to respond to questions regarding his involvement in the rioting, but he could not deny, as Royko po... ... led by Edward Hanrahan raided a Black Panther apartment in search of unregistered guns. When the raid was over they had the guns, and two panther leadership were deadFred Hamptonand Mark Clark (211). Roykos representation of Richard J. Daley provides his readers an impartial glimpse into the vague life of a true political power. Daleys genius in gaining control as mayor of Chicago and then sustaining it from 1955 to 1976 characterizes his tenacity as politician. His explicit understanding of machine politics and use of patronage change th e power of his administration. On one decease his constituents admire him for his contribution toward urban expansion, influence on the Democratic Party, and patronage of friends and family. On the other hand he is resented for his destruction of homes in the name of progress, corruption of local government, and unattackable rule over his city. Royko concludes his colorful story on Richard Daley in quoting Alderman rice paddy Bauler in his statement after Daley was first elected in 1995 as saying Chicago aint ready for reform yet, (214). Royko completes Baulers statement as saying And in 1970, ready or not, it wasnt getting any.(214)